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Why Today’s BLS Jobs Numbers Make No Sense

Every month, we try to break down the monthly employment report from the BLS and analyze it in plain English.  Today’s report of September employment is so bizarre that it’s hard to comprehend, much less give over.

The BLS puts out two surveys:  1)the establishment survey, which shows the growth in non-farm payroll jobs (as well as a breakdown by specific industry), surveys businesses and 2) the household survey, which measures broad census data, such as total number of employment-age population, size of the labor force, the U3 unemployment rate, and total number of employed and unemployed, surveys individual households.  It’s always hard to get a precise picture of the employment situation because you need to conflate data from both surveys; however, the surveys usually complement one another in a coherent fashion.

That is not the case with today’s report.

To begin with, we must recognize that we are coasting along near the bottom of the employment nadir – a steep trench that was created by the 2008-2009 recession.  Unlike every other recession, including the one in the early 80s, this one was not followed by a steep climb out of the trench.  We’re not even creating enough jobs per month to keep up with the population growth, much less recover the millions of jobs lost in the recession.

Yet, despite the fact that we’ve added less than 150k jobs during most months of the recovery, and less than 100k during many of them, the U3 rate has steadily declined.  This all made sense because there was an unprecedented shrinkage of the labor force – a symptom of a permanently lethargic economy.   Paradoxically, this led to a steady decline in the unemployment rate as the universe of the job market shrunk.  It’s not that the BLS was purposely making Obama look better.  You just needed to look beyond the U3 number to understand how the unemployment rate dropped.

This brings us to the September jobs report.  According to the establishment survey, only 114k non-farm payroll jobs were added last month.  That’s well below the 206k increase in the working-age population, according to the household survey.  But once again, the U3 rate dropped, this time down to 7.8%.  As always, I expected this to be the result of a dramatic shrinkage in labor force participation.  Yet, shockingly enough, the labor force actually grew by 418K in September, even more than it shrunk the previous month.

So the labor force shrinks during a month of tepid job growth, and the U3 declines.  Now the labor force grows during a month of tepid job growth, yet the U3 rate….still declines!

The culprit?  Under the “employed” data point of the household survey, you will find that there was an increase of 873k among the ranks of the employed population!  That’s the largest gain since the Reagan years when the economy was growing by 9.3%.  We know that the household survey is a different measure of employment with a different methodology than the establishment survey (it’s a smaller survey), but when did we ever have such a divergence between the two surveys?

In September 1984, at this time through the Reagan recover, non-farm payroll increased by 311k, well above the 180k increase in working-age population.  The household survey showed an increase of 327k in the employment population, pretty close to the non-farm payroll numbers.  It made sense that the U3 rate dropped to 7.3% from 7.5%.  Today’s report is just screwy.

Now BLS solves this enigma for us by explaining that the lion’s share of the employment growth comes from part-time jobs:

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as involuntary part-time workers) rose from 8.0 million in August to 8.6 million in September. These individuals were working part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-time job.

Now, I have no problem concluding from this report that a surge in people giving up full-time employment in favor of part-time work is endemic of Obama’s sickly economy and the new normal of permanent stagnation.  That could still jive with the slow growth in non-farm payroll and 1.3% GDP growth.

However, in order for this to make sense, we would need to see a relatively long-term trend in growth of part-time jobs.  How in the world are we experiencing such wild swings from month to month?  We had 360k people dropping out of the labor force in August; now we have 418k reentering, despite the steady trend towards a smaller workforce.

Most of all, how do you have a 600k jump in part-time employment in just one month before the beginning of retail season with nobody realizing it until the BLS published today’s report?  There are times when you see methodological adjustments or population adjustments in the January report, but it is usually accompanied with a footnote.  In order to fully understand the employment situation, we would need to know about any adjustments or at least an explanation of how there was such a precipitous swing towards part-time work in a matter of a few weeks.  Most likely, this month’s household survey is just one of those surveys that is a casualty of the margin of error in any sample.

There is no good news in this report from any of the numbers that actually make sense, except for the revisions of the July and August numbers.  There is clearly a statistical anomaly here – one that is skewing the numbers counter to the current trend of the economy.  But somehow, despite the internal numbers of the household survey and the payroll numbers of the establishment survey, the topline U3 number always seems to decline…..

Pay no attention to that 14.7% U6 broader measure of unemployment!

COMMENTS

  • georgiaman34

    As Clinton told us, “It’s arithmetic!”
    Unemployment drops to 7.8% and inflation is about 2.1%? Bull$#!t. How stupid do they think the average American is? (Oh wait….crap!)
    Ryan going to have to spend much of the debate next week schooling “Plugs” Biden and the rest of America on why the math don’t add up!

  • naraht

    Note: Next Month’s job numbers come out November 2nd. They will the last significant report prior to the election.

  • JoshINHB

    Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
    methodological differences between the household and establishment
    surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates
    derived from the surveys. Among these are:

    –The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-
    employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers
    among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
    establishment survey.

    –The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
    employed. The establishment survey does not.

    –The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and
    older. The establishment survey is not limited by age.

    –The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
    individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
    job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than
    one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted
    separately for each appearance.

    It should also be remembered that the household survey is a telephone poll with all of the same weaknesses that have been seen in political polls.

    One polling firm recently admitted that they only received responses from 9% of the households that they attempted to contact. Suggesting that self selection bias is making telephone surveys inherently inaccurate.

  • kentucky

    Many of the significant economic reports have been outsourced by the government to private firms. There needs to be an investigation into this, and if the numbers have been manipulated the responsibility for the employment reports needs to be outsourced. Gallup does an employment survey and found September seasonally adjusted unemployment to be unchanged. This is why we can’t have nice things.

  • jamesm

    7.7% in Novembers!!! Government hires 300,000 part-time workers for the Obama Campaign!

  • tlhoward

    This wouldn’t matter if the person listening to AP on the half hour radio news would report skepticism about the numbers or would report the contradiction of the numbers.
    This wouldn’t matter if an audience member tuning in to ABC, NBC, or CBS today would hear the anchor state, “The numbers don’t make sense to economists trying to understand them” and then if the audience member would actually hear interviews with those people.
    So, since that won’t happen, the greater question is, how do R&R explain the numbers to their audience.
    One possibility is that this week Paul Ryan will be able to put the really bad news in those numbers into perspective. The only problem is that the audience for the VP debate will not be huge.

  • tlhoward

    I’d try to get Jack Welsh on as many non-business shows as possible.

  • http://madisonproject.com/ Daniel Horowitz

    Josh made good points. The household survey has inherent flaws, and while it usually tracks with the payroll numbers, this one could easily be an outlier – a casualty of the margin of error. I can’t imagine they cooked the numbers, but as noted above, it’s funny how the anomalies always lower the U3 number – the only thing the average voter pays attention to.

  • Common_Cents

    maybe the BLS was given the list of obamaphone holders.

  • artfuldodger

    There is no good news in this report? America is healing from George Bush, we are creating jobs. And to you that is a bad thing? Or is it just that anything that makes Obama look good is automatically a bad thing? If every job in America was filled tomorrow, conservatives would find a reason to complain about it.

  • larry

    I am a democrat but am struggle to see why we are support Obama again. Artfuldodger, 7.8% is a horrible number, considering the underemployed and those that stopped looking. I am not sure what Romney can do but as Americans, we must be honest that this economy is in the tank.

    Respectfully,

    Larry

  • Common_Cents

    Gee, the hack Hilda Solis has NO influence on anything? Gee, data dependent on surveys cannot be tainted? Seasonal adjustments can’t be tainted? U3 is hardly a science. Look at the surrounding facts. How in heck can we have record food stamp usage and have improving UE rate? There are political hacks in all levels of government. There doesn’t have to be some grand conspiracy like JournoList, but rather sympathetic like minded people.

  • inovrmihd

    All Romney has to say if it comes up in the debate is that this number came from a telephone poll and doesn’t match the number of unemployed that you get when you look at payroll records.

  • Wigglesworth111

    Well done Mr. Horowitz. This is the best analysis of the numbers I have seen so far.

  • MikeW

    If this isn’t a statistical anomaly, then it’s trumped up.

  • golffan1963

    Just heard Romney sound bite at a rally where he states unemployment would be at 11 per cent if the same number of people were in the work force now as there were on the day Obama was inaugurated. He needs to be relentless in hammering this home to the American public. Surprised the sound bite was played on ABC Radio top of the hour news….although they did trumpet this dubious 7.8 per cent figure first.

  • Shasta

    I was expecting something like this. I’ve suspected for a long time that the BLS has an ‘incumbent” component in one or more of the many models it uses to generate its published numbers. It is non-partisan component that appears to kick in with about 2 months to go in a reelection cycle. It is non partisan because you can see similar inconsistencies in the data going back to at least ’84.

  • http://travismonitor.blogspot.com Freedoms Truth

    “America is healing from George Bush, we are creating jobs.”

    Do you really think people buy this idiotic excuse making? We are creating jobs at such a slow rate we will not close the ‘jobs deficit’ of the last recession until 2020. This is the worst ‘recovery’ since WWII.

    Bush inherited the burst internet bubble in 2001 and I dont recall a single time when Bush in 2004 blamed any economic weakness on the recession he inherited.

    Why stop with GWB? if you are going to go back… America is healing from the LBJ Presidency… no, wait, we are still healing from FDR, … nope, It’s all on Grover Cleveland!

  • http://travismonitor.blogspot.com Freedoms Truth

    News reports are calling it ‘good’ when in fact the establishment survey is weak, a ‘miss’ and a sign that the economy is weak and getting weaker not stronger.

    This was another dismal jobs report in a series of economic data that show our economy barely growing. Things are not going that well at all, and Obama’s policies are not helping at all, and neither is his lack of leadership and failure to resolve our ‘fiscal cliff’.

  • deltawing

    http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1012/82050.html

    I’m very confused about seasonal adjustments. According to this article, the jobs numbers for September and October are expected to benefit the President because of hiring for the holidays. Are they saying that the government routinely underestimates the number of seasonal workers?

  • lineholder

    The part-time employment increase does make sense. Obamacare encourages a shift in business model from full-time employment to part-time employment. Businesses were waiting on the outcomes of SCOTUS ruling before making the change.

    http://www.cutimes.com/2012/08/09/employers-working-to-avoid-obamacare-requirements

  • http://www.TerriersOfTheRight.blogspot.com Flagstaff

    We need to have a punchier way to say the same thing. People think that 7.8% unemployment means that 7.8% of Americans who WANT work are unemployed. The real number, as above, is 11% or so. Let’s just say it: “11% of Americans who want to work are not working. When Obama took office, X million people were working and Y million were unemployed. Today, 186 million are working and 23 million are unemployed; that’s 11%, not 7.8%. Making it worse, average household income has dropped $4500 per year in the same time period.”

    I don’t know what X and Y are, but the Romney campaign should know. If they don’t they could ask Newt.

  • http://www.TerriersOfTheRight.blogspot.com Flagstaff

    Too bad so many of us can’t do simple math.

  • jamesm

    Missing the point. The work force increase by 418K. This was not a shift from full-time to part-time employees. Where these people hired for Halloween or Christmas?

  • lineholder

    I haven’t completely figured out the totals myself, jamesm, but I know that both the retail and restaurant industries have been considering moving to the business model of replacing full-time employees with part-time employees since shortly after Obamacare was implemented. The only reason they held off from doing so was because of SCOTUS.

    These would be positions that were already in place plus the possibility of seasonal hires for the holiday season.

    jamesm, I’ve been working within this industry while I’ve been in school, and I’ve actually witnessed the shift taking place, so I know that it does exist. It’s just becoming more pronounced now.

  • markos1120

    The real structural problem with the Economy as a whole is GDP growth. Over the last 8 quarters it has hit 3% only once. The last 4 quarters have been 1.8, 3.0, 2.0, and 1.3. Three percent is treading water or about break even. We need growth for Jobs as well as revenue for the Treasury. Putting just the Energy Sector back to work with the Romney plan would increase growth across the board. This Administration through both policy and regulation stifle growth not to mention the Uncertainty caused by ObamaCare as well as the Fiscal Cliff.

  • jamesm

    I agree that there could be people are moving from full-time to part-time. I know a couple of people who’s hours were cut back. :(

  • Repair_Man_Jack

    According to Ace of Spades, the economy would have had to have created 873K jobs last month to drop U3 all the way to 7.8%. This happened before in 1983. The Quarterly GDP when that happened was at an annualized rate of 9.3%. This quarter’s GDP is at 1.3%. The question Mr. Logic should ask is whether a GDP growing at a 1.3% annualized rate could really create 873K jobs? If not, this is statistical voodoo.

  • CongressWorksForUs

    Possibly, but if the analysis above is correct, we should see a “correction” in next month’s numbers (you know, the one that comes out right before the election) that shows a uptick in the unemployment rate. If we don’t, then something is very fishy…

  • lineholder

    Yes. It’s hard to say whether Obamacare was actually designed this way, as a redistribution mechanism, or whether it is just a consequence of how the legislation was designed. I don’t know the answer to that one.

    Either way, part-time employment could become the new “norm” under Obama. This is a point that hasn’t drawn much attention as of yet.

  • redsox9688

    This was a better analysis than anything I read on either Bloomberg or the WSJ that are ostensibly both supposed to be “reputable economic news sources”… RS– keep up the good work.

  • ckatzel

    The disparity in the numbers is easy to explain:
    114,000 new jobs created
    600,000 new vacation planners for the president

  • OldmanRick

    Goodness, we must remember that figures don’t lie but liars figure. The sniveling, sissy snitch, commie, pinko, fascists are trying to make their sock puppet look good for the election.

  • wtfisgoingon

    I’m a little confused (seems reasonable to say, given the nature of these #’s). If participation rate increased with employment rate, does that mean jobs were ACTUALLY created (even if they are part-time/not the best paying)???

    Second, is the author saying that numbers were intentionally fixed?? If so, serious consequences should be imposed. It would be criminal to think that Obama gets a boost for finally clearing the 8% unemployment rate because someone misrepresented the truth.

  • woggie

    tthis makes sense:

    http://youtu.be/oIry7n57oLY

  • celtic

    Don’t know why the U-6 number is not explained by the Romney camp- it’s not that difficult for the public to understand: those collecting unemployment, those whose benefits have run out and have given up, and those who want full-time work but can only get part-time jobs. That number is at 14 per cent- and it’s been unchanged for two years! One out of seven of our friends and neighbors can’t even get a full-time gig in Obama’s America? And it’s not improving at all and the President is taking a victory lap today?

  • FlomFlomFlooie

    If you take several government reports together, it is awful news.

    Let’s do comparative statics, looking at and comparing two points in time: July 2010 and September 2012. The number of unemployed in July 2010 was 14,609,000. The number of unemployed in September 2012 was 12,088,000. That’s a net change of -2,521,000.

    Now let’s look at the number of reported disabled workers. The number of disabled workers in July 2010 was 26,000,000. The number in September 2012 was 28,776,000. So that’s a net change of 2,776,000, as reported by the Social Security Administration. Has there been a dramatic increase in work-related disability? No. Workers with minor ailments (or difficult to diagnose ailments, such as back problems or mental health issues like depression) who haven’t been able to find jobs have applied for disability in increasing numbers.

    Finally, look at one more statistic: the number of Americans receiving SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or “food stamps”). According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the number of Americans receiving food stamps in July 2010 was 41,275,687. The number receiving them in September 2012 was 46,670,373, a whopping increase of 5,394,686 in just 2-1/4 years.

    To calculate the Obama Index = Net Increase/(Decrease) in SNAP + Disability – Unemployed

    = 5,394,686+ 2,776,000 – 2,521,000
    = 5,649,686 more Americans trapped in the Obama Recovery

  • Bill S

    That’s enough comment spamming from you. 10 comments and all you’ve done is spam YouTube videos. You’re done here.

  • jamesm

    Too all who gave the down arrows..well Rush agrees or should I say I agree with him. http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2012/10/05/see_i_told_you_so_regime_manipulates_the_jobless_number_below_8_by_election_day

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