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Roosevelt (T) and Jackson are History’s Guide To Solving “Too Big To Fail”

What Mitt Romney Should Do About TBTF Banks

The Antidote to Too Big To Fail

An act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States” was presented to me on the 4th July instant. Having considered it with that solemn regard to the principles of the Constitution which the day was calculated to inspire, and come to the conclusion that it ought not to become a law, I herewith return it to the Senate, in which it originated, with my objections.

-Pres. Andrew Jackson, 10 July 1832. Veto Statement for Renewel of The Bank of The United States.(HT: University of Virginia)

We can statistically quantify “Too Big To Fail” in a number of different ways. George Will of the Washington Post is man familiar with the uses (and perhaps the nefarious uses) of quantitative data. He tells us 5 banks hold assets equal to 60% of the GDP. The top 10 banks hold 61% of all commercial banking assets; they only had 26% 20 years ago.

Will’s basically Conservative bent leads him to not be fond of the Dodd-Frank Act inflicted upon American Industry by the current Obama Regime. I certainly agree and sympathize with this point of view. However, not liking Dodd-Frank is one thing, getting rid of it and the systematic problems that made its overreach tenable is a taller order than merely quantified complaining. To actually dismantle the TBTF Empire and the implicit guarantee it enjoys via Dodd-Frank, it may help us to indulge in some Presidential History involving two great men. President Andrew Jackson foresaw and attempted to prevent this problem. President Theodore Roosevelt solved TBTF in some industries other than banking.

Andrew Jackson dealt with a complicated issue when the Bank of The United States came up for renewal. He saw the benefits and feared the economic impositions that could both accompany a large banking organization protected by the favor of Central Government. He opines below in his veto letter of the re-authorization of The Bank of The United States.

A bank of the United States is in many respects convenient for the Government and useful to the people. Entertaining this opinion, and deeply impressed with the belief that some of the powers and privileges possessed by the existing bank are unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive of the rights of the States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people..

Jackson feared many things about this Bank of The United States. He felt it unfairly enriched investors through government intervention into markets. He writes thus: “The powers privileges, and favors bestowed upon it in the original charter, by increasing the value of the stock far above its par value, operated as a gratuity of many millions to the stockholders.

He believed that foreigners who held stock were extracting capital out of the United States and thus writes: “More than eight millions of the stock of this bank are held by foreigners. By this act the American Republic proposes virtually to make them a present of some millions of dollars. For these gratuities to foreigners and to some of our own opulent citizens the act secures no equivalent whatever.”

The Bank of The United States, as proposed to President Jackson, would have acted as a Public-Private Partnership gone badly awry. Its costs would socialized, its profits privatized and its risk management strategies centered on how to profit more from moral hazard. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, banks currently holding a large enough pile of assets have been classified as Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFI). These banks would go straight to the front of the bailout line in the next major financial malfunction.

Every problem Andrew Jackson identified with the Bank of The United States holds true of The Dodd-Frank SIFIs. What to do? You can’t just let 60% of the GDP instantaneously vaporize, and you get no long-run improvement in their reckless behavior by classifying them as SIFIs and giving them the USG “Get Out of Stupid Free” Card. Clearly, we need a 3rd way. We’ve found that road before. Enter President Theodore Roosevelt.

President Roosevelt also encountered a situation similar to what President Romney will face in about four months, once he’s inaugurated. Roosevelt saw two problems with the so-called Trusts – his era’s version of TBTF.

First, continued exploitation of the public could result in a violent uprising that could destroy the whole system. Second, the captains of industry were arrogant enough to believe themselves superior to the elected government.

(US History.org)

Roosevelt employed a law called The Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up monopolies that controlled far more of their industries than super banks do right now. Standard Oil and American Tobacco both were broken up. This and 42 other suits filed by the USG under Roosevelt, established a balance between over-powered monopolies and The Federal Government.

Not all monopolies can be fought using The Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Banks may have different organizational structures not including “Holding Companies” that would exempt them. A direct imitation of Theodore Roosevelt’s policy may not succeed. However, something akin to the 1982 settlement of the AT&T Anti-trust case may be necessary to make these SIFIs spin off enough assets so that they don’t monopolize markets and pose a major destabilization risk during economic panics.

Clearly having six to ten TBTF banks in charge of over ½ of all commercial banking assets is not a stable equilibrium for the economy. Clearly taking the Dodd-Frank route of promising these institutions bail-outs every time there is an economic panic does for financial accountability what giving Mein Fuhrer the Sudetenland did for world peace. The obvious solution here is to solve the problems identified first by Andrew Jackson in his veto letter for The Re-Authorization of The Bank of The United States. The best historical model for solving this problem is probably Theodore Roosevelt’s take-down of John D. Rockefeller. Saddle up Mitt. Your first four years will be a rough ride.

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COMMENTS

  • joshuatwill

    “Clearly having six to ten TBTF banks in charge of over ½ of all commercial banking assets is not a stable equilibrium for the economy.”

    What about the One big bank that supplies an endless(obvious exaggeration) supply of money to our government and TBTF banks. I don’t know about you but when I want to get rid of a weed i have to pull up the root as well. Plucking the leaves isn’t going to rid us of the problem.
    OH and…
    Yeah lets hope Mitt won’t break the Executive Order record like Roosevelt did ;)

  • texashistorian

    “The best historical model for solving this problem is probably Theodore Roosevelt’s take-down of John D. Rockefeller.”

    The problem is that the TBTF’s have nothing in common with Standard Oil- Rockefeller built his business from the ground up and did not take handouts from the government to stay in business or correct his mistakes. TR erred on the populist side by waging war on a company that was unfairly (but highly visibly) vilified by the Muckraker Ida Tarbell in her “expose” on Standard Oil. TBTFs would never have been TBTFs without the government’s largesse. You could absolutely apply the same logic to Jackson who in many ways was a populist rabble-rouse himself. His feelings about the BOTUS reflected his own prejudices and those of his constituents much more than they represented any serious malfeasance by the bank itself.

    That said, RPJ, you raise an interesting issue. But are we sure as conservatives that we really want to argue for government takedown of industries? We need to stop subsidizing their failures absolutely, but I am not convinced we need Jackson or TR style big government as the answer to the size of their holdings.

  • joshuatwill

    lol may wanna fix the vote system as well

  • texashistorian

    The problem with approach, though, was seen in the Great Depression, where the branch banking laws you refer to resulted in tons of bank failures. That might not be as much of an issue in places with diversified economies, but banks ought to be able to run across state lines to diversify their assets in case a particular industry or sector goes belly up.

    A possible solution along the lines you suggest would be to allow banks to operate across state lines, with the branches subject to the regulations of each state? That might be a bigger mess than just trying to go back to state level banking only.

  • texashistorian

    There’s no question that the TBTFs are in bed with the government, and they are happy to stay that way. It’s a mess of government’s making and I wonder whether government can solve it (the political will to try seems to be largely absent as well).

  • Repair_Man_Jack

    Disqus’ vote system is no worse than a CHicago, IL voter register.

  • aufbruch

    So…you’re suggesting that the Free Market _isn’t_ enough to curtail the potential abuses of coporate/big business power? Fascinating. Or “Bully!” as the great TR might say.

  • renl57

    The TBTFs are forced into dealing with the Federal Reserve, because by law the Fed tells them how they can do business. The Fed sets the short-term interest rates, the discount rate, the reserve requirements, the capital requirements, and so on.

    So my fellow conservatives need not worry that breaking up the TBTFs is interfering in the free market. Thanks to the Fed, we haven’t had a truly free market in banking for a very long time. Now it’s just a question of what public-private mix we want our banking system to be.

  • streiff

    it demonstrably isn’t sufficient, money talks, free market bulls*** walks.

  • ww2nd95

    Well though Rockefeller built his company from the ground up, with no govt assistance, I still think corporations should not be be allowed to grow to such size, that they could impair the entire economy should they fail for some reason or another.

    Monopolies aren’t good for an economy. I hate to place limitations on how companies can grow, but the the big picture has to be looked at here. When a company gets to such size that it limits both choice, stifles competition, and has the potential to seriously jeopardize the economy, that’s simply to much. Standard Oil controlled somewhere around 80+% of refined oil in the US, that’s insanity. And I think we’re at the point with the TBTF’s on Wall Street. I mean AIG by itself failing, and being so big and diversified, that it could throw the world market into a tailspin if it pulled a Lehman Brothers is just to big.

    I’m not sure what the solution is, if not govt intervention in cases like this.. What is the free market solution here? I don’t see one.

  • mrmacphisto

    That’s the real issue. I’m not for completely eliminating some kind of central banking institution. The First & Second BUS had some protections in place. They also were not currency issuers.

    I think there are some reforms to the Fed that could make it far more effective and far less of a problem. Someone much more skilled than I at understanding all aspects of the Fed would be a good selection in trying to figure this out.

  • texashistorian

    I understand where you’re coming from, but what TR did, and what we don’t want to do is punish potential bad behavior. Standard Oil could have done all those things, but didn’t. It stifled competition basically by being the best, and delivered a product cheaper and more efficiently than anyone else. Those that wanted choice still had a few, but they paid more the choice. I think at its peak it was about 90% of all the refining in the country! It didn’t fail and take the economy down with it, and probably would not have as long as Rockefeller was alive. That said, the concern is real, not sure how you have a free market and then turn around and place government limits on it- the two work against one another as principles. It’s a tough one . .

  • commonsenseobserver

    Banking reform would be interesting…

  • dajeeps

    No one is too big to fail. That’s an excuse the government made up for bailing out their monied and connected cronies. They all should be allowed to go bust when they screw up. That’s what bankruptcy is for. It allows the markets to heal themselves instead of kicking the stupid cans down the road. The last thing we should be doing is getting all afraid of something big going down and losing our sense of principle – and using that as an excuse for big government; you know, like “abandoning free market principles to save the free market.” Kind of stupid when I think about it – because all it does is prolong the misery by creating all kinds of uncertainty that lasts forever. Bailing out the banks and AIG was really stupid because no one knows who is worth doing business with.

  • Dave_A

    Andrew Jackson was an economic DISASTER.

    He unconstitutionally killed the Bank of the United States, by withdrawing the US’ funds and entrusting them to his political cronies, who formed highly unstable ‘pet banks’…

    The pet-banks (like the too-small-to-live small banks that have made up MOST of the casualties of 2008) speculated heavily on real-estate (Jackson and his cronies were a bunch of hicks. Give an 1800s farmer money, he buys land… In this case, foolishly)…

    Jackson is a perfect example of why anti-banker bull belongs in Jackson’s (Democratic) Party.

  • Dave_A

    ‘Too Big to Fail’ is a myth. Period.

    There was ONE large bank that seriously was at risk. Citibank.

    JP Morgan, Wells Fargo, and BoA were more-or-less OK. BoA came close to the danger- point due to poor post-crash merger decisions, but that’s another story.

    The fact is, the danger is not in ‘big’ banks, but rather in the obnoxiously weak & vulnerable SMALL ones – which accounted for most of the near-failures (since the FDIC essentially decided there would be NO bank failures, and siezed/auctioned-off any bank that they deemed ‘vulnerable’, BEFORE it could actually fail & start a panic)…

    The fact is, the ‘big’ banks pretty much contained the crisis themselves, through mergers & proprietary trading…

    Yes, that’s right – the 2 things MOST responsible for preventing a crisis were (A) really big banks, and (B) the repeal of Glass-Stegall ((C) was TARP, if you care).

    Which is ironic, because if you listen to the media spin, they’ll tell you that’s what CAUSED the crisis, not what stopped it…

  • Dave_A

    Banking reform would be the repeal of Dodd-Frank without replacement & the abolition of all federal homeownership programs.

    Other than the existence of the home-ownership-promotion agencies, the Bush-era status-quo was perfect.

    This will never happen, unfortunately.

  • Dave_A

    Banks should be national, not state-level.

    And there was much LESS resillience in the state-banks.

    It makes no sense to have a national currency (as mandated by the Constitution – states are forbidden from operating monetary systems of any kind) & state banks….

  • Dave_A

    Except that it was government intervention, not the free market, that casued 08.

    No fault on the banks, 100% fault on the Feds for creating the false homeownership economy.

  • Dave_A

    And what exactly was wrong with Mr Dimon?

    Don’t tell me you bought into the leftie-line that it’s any of our business what JPMC does with it’s own corporate money….

  • Dave_A

    The entire concept of money requires one single issuer per national currency.

    And no, gold is NOT money. Gold is a raw commodity.

  • Dave_A

    The Federal Reserve supplies an appropriate amount of money to a private-sector economy that does not believe in saving money.

    The government is a minor consumer of money-supply compared to the private-sector, and the market-choices of the private sector clearly indicate a preference for inflation (and the accompanying rising asset/equity/labor-market valuations).

    The fact that you may not share that preference, does not justify ignoring the free market choice of 98% of Americans, who consume rather than save.

  • edintexas

    Which economists adhere to the theory that a stable dollar is bad for the economy? Just curious.

  • edintexas

    Interesting. Citing the first Progressive President (T. Roosevelt), and “trust busting” at the behest of the Muckrakers, as an example to Conservatives is not exactly what I would call adhering to Conservative principles. Jackson was no gem either.

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