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Responding to Russia’s Adoption Ban

Before the fiscal cliff nightmare came to a head, families across the globe were celebrating the holidays; thoughts of politics being far from the minds of many.  Spending extra time with family is often one of the beloved highlights of the holiday break.  Yet for so many families in the United States, this past season was heartbreaking.  46 families in particular were forced to focus on politics when it changed the face of their families, perhaps permanently.

On December 28, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law banning adoption of Russian children by U.S. families starting January 1.  Included in the ban were the 46 U.S. families that were in the process of adoption, many of which had already met and formed relationships with their children.  Said one couple whose adoption was approved on Christmas Eve:

I have a daughter who I’ve told I love, who I’ve told we would bring home. I’ve showed her pictures of her bedroom.  I’m afraid we’re not going to be able to see her again, and she won’t know why we didn’t come for her.

Russia has been the third most popular country for Americans to seek adoption, behind China and Ethiopia.  Over 60,000 children have been adopted from Russia by American families over the past two decades.  Currently, Russia has 120,000 registered orphans, many of which are disabled, but less than 20,000 Russians have shown interest in adoption.  Putin’s reason for the ban are seen widely as a political move in response to a bill President Obama recently signed concerning human rights abusers in Russia.  According to a Washington Post article, however, the adoption ban is only the latest example of Putin’s anti-American power grab.

The past seven months have seen the worst deterioration in Russia’s human rights situation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Putin regime demonizes the United States, heaps abuse on its officials, derides its democratic values and treats the humanitarian motives of its people as suspect, while backing the murderous Assad regime.

A Russian radio host, whose station is not popular with Putin, compared him to King Herod and noted that the Orthodox Church’s remembrance of Herod’s order to kill children in Bethlehem fell on the same day as the adoption ban.

At least one adoption agency is moving forward with the Russian adoptions they are currently handling.  Many American families are also holding hope that the Russian president will reverse his decision to include their children that are already a part of their hearts.  While the U.S. State Department and Republican leaders have made statements concerning the Russian adoption ban, President Obama has remained silent on the issue.  Perhaps instead of flooding the White House petition website with calls for secession, Americans should be petitioning the president to call out President Putin for his cruel ban that punishes not only American families looking to give aid to Russian children, but the youngest and most needy in his country.

To show your support for the orphaned in Russia and the American families that love them, please click here.


COMMENTS

  • PubliusII

    Diplomatic practices have established many ways for nations to express displeasure with each other. Granting that Russia’s Government was offended by our recent statements regarding their human rights violations, there are many well-understood diplomatic ways for the Russians to poke us back.
    Yet Putin chose to use truly innocent people: the Russian infants and American families desparate to adopt them, to retaliate. Putin chose to to punish the United States Government by inflicting maximum anguish on ordinary people who had nothing to do with the actions of the USG that offended Putin in the first place.
    This tells us a lot about Putin and the Soviet, er, Russian regime. The Russian Government’s action was malevolent and sadistic, ruthlessly calculated to hurt helpless bystanders to the actual diplomatic dispute. As much as the American families are tortured by this heartless ban, the people who suffer even more are the Russian infants, who now may continue to enjoy the tender care rendered by their orphanages.
    Yes, we this tells us a lot about Putin and his regime.
    Now this is the same regime with which our god-king wants to negotiate even deeper, and unverifiable, arms control agreements.

  • inthemiddle20

    While it is truly sad that more children will be left orphaned, perhaps this will push more American families to look into our American orphanages first. If we want to help spread good Christian conservative principles in the US then we need to start with our citizens at home first. At the end of the day this is more of a Russian issue. There are plenty of orphans from Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, and the Americas to satisfy the demand. Lets get some more American orphans homes.

  • anonymouscitizen

    Agree. My self I’ve often wondered why so many American kids have been/are over looked for adoption other then its not in vogue.

  • Lisasusernamealreadyexists

    Try asking an adoptive parent rather than jump to inappropriate conclusions. Both domestic and IA families can explain the issues, which are not cut and dry. But avoid nasty phrases such as “in vogue” because it is highly offensive to suggest that any of us form our families with an eye toward fashion statements.

  • bigbossogg

    At the risk of being ‘flamed’ for pointing this out, and in the sincere hope that someone, an editor, a co-worker, the janitor; someone will point this out to Ms. Howe, I will forge ahead with this one tiny observation, and correction, (which should not be necessary, if one has chosen word-smithing as their vocation).

    Ms. Howe, twice in this short article, you used the contraction “who’s” when you wanted to use the possessive case of ‘who’ used as an adjective, that is to say, ‘whose’.

    “Said one couple who’s (whose) adoption was approved on Christmas Eve:…”

    “A Russian radio host, who’s (whose) station is not popular with Putin…”

    You’ve chosen heart breaking subject matter for this, and it is all the more poignant in regards to my family. My eldest niece and her husband had been making exploratory inquiries into this very thing, recently.

  • Mark Kortum

    I will try and bring the discussion up and out of the weeds. The lesson that is so clearly illustrated by Putin’s decision is not just about adoption, who has the right to do what, or what people from what countries should be allowed to adopt whom. It is, as it always is, about arbitrary and destructive decisions made by our less-than-perfect (AKA human) statist leaders. When we allow them to rule in with arbitrary abandon they will do so in ways that are petty and politically driven, and in no one’s interest but their own. Putin, Obama, King George III of England, fill in whatever name you want; their behavior is predictably consistent. Our founding fathers knew it. Why is it so hard for modern Americans to understand?

  • celador2

    The sub text of the diary is profound. It is fulk of entitlement and self centeredness I do not share. The topic is foreign adoption from point of view of foroeign adopters who are often taking a child from one nation and identity and family because they are well off.
    .
    There is no shortage of babies needing homes in the US. If someone wants a foreign child then there is also no shortahge of foreign babies up for adoption. I think foreign adoption in most cases is sick and unethical in most if the parents are still alive. This unfortunate sitiuation is the case with big rich starts like Madonna.

    I would not like to see rich foreigners adopting Americans, so any nation that halts forieign adoption gets a thumbs up from me. Keep your families together no matter how tempting to sell or let foreigners adopt your poor and weak. That time may arrive here if we get poor and some hotshot foreigners try to adopt our babies. .

    If someone wants to help poor foreigners and foreign children there are ways to donate that allows them to stay home with their own family and nation where they belong.
    .

  • docnick

    I can never understand how we get so misdirected…. Who cares about Russia? IF a family wants to adopt let them do it here. We are not in short supply….

    We can’t even manage our on politics.

  • celador2

    Thumbs up!
    This ‘issue; is the result of the consumer and entitlement society in which we live, I guess.

  • Breeanne Howe

    Thank you for your corrections, I will apply them. As for not needing correction, that is why we have editors. I may love to write, but I am not without mistake; part of the human condition ; )

  • Breeanne Howe

    I’m not sure how you extract entitlement and self-centeredness from a diary about adoption, but I’m guessing it may due to a lack of understanding about the issue. Yes, there are no shortage of children needing adoption in the U.S. and around the world. No it is not “sick” or “unethical” to adopt if the parents are still alive. The parents give up their rights to the child for many reasons; one of which may be that they don’t feel they can properly provide for a disabled child. In that case, a foreigner (perhaps one with access to better healthcare) would be suitable to adopt the special-needs child. In all adoption cases, the parents decide to give up their rights, there is no option to donate to the family so the children can be kept in the home – the parents, for whatever reason, do not want the child in the home. As for foreigners adopting American children – I’m willing to bet that if you ask any child up for adoption who they’d prefer adopt them, the answer would be loving parents. Children want a safe, loving home. Period. Selfish, political people are the only ones that care where that home is located.

  • Breeanne Howe

    As the subject of American adoption has come up a lot in the comments, I’d like to address the concern. To say that one shouldn’t adopt from another country because we have children here that need adoption is a matter of opinion. Adoption is a very complicated process and why parents choose to adopt from the country they do is no less complicated. It is the height of selfishness, and completely unChristian, to take the point of view that we should be looking out for our own first. To say this issue is a Russian issue and non of our concern is to say to thousands of our citizens that what they care about doesn’t matter. The fact is that thousands of Americans have hearts for the children of Russia. They are Americans and their hopes and dreams do not matter less than yours. There are many misconceptions surrounding the issue of adoption. Some of you would do well to do your research before you assume. I would also highly suggest talking to a family that has adopted, you may be surprised and humbled by what you learn.

  • funwithknives

    This situation once again brings up a theme that sends me into fits whenever Government as a Curative is mentioned.
    Government is a Club, and not a very accurate or sparing Club. It should always be used as a last resort , and sadly, those thoughts are seemingly fast-disappearing.
    To Putin and his ilk, this is merely a game of Tit-for-Tat and those children and thousands like them are faceless,anonymous multitudes to be used as tools, directed at a message or ultimate [percieved] gain.
    Time and again, Russia, in it’s many forms has proved the individual is nothing and many times is less-than-nothing. We see ‘this truth’ here, up close and personal.
    Slowly but surely, we in America see this sort of depersonalization advancing , as regards abortion, shrill Christian disrespect, and those who we may personally disdain,
    for oh-so many reasons. In this I am not innocent and try every day to get better at acceptance,and simple tolerance.
    (The Brotherly Love thing comes after a while, but it comes harder than tolerance, which for me is how I deal with my own personal growth.)
    These are innocents and deserve our compassion in however we can stand and deliver it.
    Those kids are not capable of asking for much of anything.
    Who speaks for them…?

  • adeleintexas

    I agree that whether adopting American or foreign children, it is the sole choice of the adoptive families and whether anyone else – or I – agree (I don’t), the decision is personal and theirs to make.

    I concur with those who feel there are far too many American children in need to, in good conscience, seek an adoption outside the U.S.

    And I REALLY don’t care if you flame me or disagree, but I also believe there are those, most particularly in the case of celebrities, who undeniably adopt outside their ethnicity or nationality, if you will, and race because it IS fashionable. While that is not to say the children they adopt are mistreated or that their immediate circumstances aren’t vastly improved, nothing that is ever done for selfish motives comes without a price. In this case as in most, it will be the children who end up paying because the distinct possibility exists that much like those tiny little purse-sized dogs purchased as nothing more than fashion accessories in Hollywood that were all the rage a while back, the keen interest in adopted children especially those of a different race than the parents, will eventually wear off. When the cuteness of infancy and childhood develops into teen angst and young adulthood with all that, that entails, these situations will be ripe for excruciating heartbreak, loneliness and resentment. Celebrities are in general, in practice and in reality a collective group of flakes with the attention span of gnats and a self-absorption that rivals that of any 6-month-old infant who just discovered they have fingers and toes.

    So, there are comments to which I take issue, namely that Americans are denied the privilege of adoption due to age or race on a large scale. Those cases are somewhat rare and when they do occur, it’s for good reason.

    True enough, there are those who go outside the U.S. because they no longer meet age requirements that are in truth, established in the best interests of the child. That is an understandable reason. And there are instances where those who have gained personal knowledge of the plight of a particular child want to help. But, Americans are NOT going outside the U.S. and adopting due to income. The costs of adopting outside the country are most often, if not always, far more expensive than a domestic adoption. Fees must be paid to a U.S. and foreign adoption agency, lawyers; there are immigration fees and travel expenses involved and is anyone so naive they don’t know about the government palms that must be greased before any foreign adoption can be finalized?

    However, I agree with others who feel and rightly so, that politicizing adoption is, on any level, for any reason, simply wrong. But, the hypocrisy of those who are so deeply offended by a law banning the adoption of Russian children by U.S. families while still supporting and defending the slaughter of American babies through abortion is STUNNING!

  • http://www.hakubi.us/ Neil Stevens

    Wow that is so wrong.

  • stevemaley

    “Suffer the little children, as long as they’re Americans.” http://bible.cc/matthew/19-14.htm

  • bigbossogg

    Of course, please, forgive me. I’m accustomed to proofing myself so many times before I deem something finished, that I am usually sick to death of the very sight of the words that I had labored over so recently. It galls me, and I simply cannot revisit it for a good while.

    Upon reading what I wrote earlier, in context, I see now that it was really quite rude of me to phrase that in that manner.

    And I extend a sincere apology for it.

  • skip1982

    I hate to sound petty, but I really don’t care if lefty parents aren’t able to indoctrinate another kid. Pity if any conservative parents are affected.

  • http://jakespeaks.wordpress.com/ Jake

    Some of the comments on this post are appalling. One of my Mom’s best friends and her husband adopted two children from Russia. They aren’t rich, and they aren’t trying to look fashionable. All they wanted was a couple of children to love and raise.

    Why does it matter if the children in orphanages are American or not? They are children who need a loving home, and of course, don’t forget that foreign orphanages are usually worse off than our own. If nothing else, we are giving these foreign children a chance to live as an American–an opportunity they probably wouldn’t otherwise have. That used to mean something.

    (Also, as someone who attends the Orthodox church, which is the biggest church in Russia, I find it somewhat offensive that only in America can children be raised as “good Christians”)

    Some of you need to do some reading about this issue before you start spouting off so ignorantly.

  • vandalii

    This is typical of the USSR…I mean KGB…I mean Russia. Anyone remember 1984 when the USSR decided the Eastern Bloc should not participate in the Olympics in LA because, well, just because? The USA and a number of Western nations boycotted the Moscow Olympics in 1980 when USSR invaded Afghanistan, granted a political statement using the “non-political” Olympics as an example. But when the USSR said “no” to LA, it was because, well, why *did* they do that except to say nyeah-nyeah-nye-nyeah-nyeah like a two year old.
    Granted these orphans are far more serious victims for governments to play with than Eastern Bloc athletes. The point is, why would we be surprised at such immature behavior from Mr. Putin? He’s a product of his environment — the KGB.

  • vandalii

    Normally I agree with celador2 on things. But not this one. The adoption process, whether domestic or int’l is usually brutal, extremely expensive and very long. The people who were finally to the tape on their process, having bonded with children, made promises to them, anticipating the joy of bringing a child into their family (the *true* meaning of “pro-choice”, btw) only to find themselves political pawns is cruel to the nth degree.

    We have friends who were adopting right here in the good old USA and were told they were the wrong color to adopt the child they’d been fostering for 2 years. I’ve had other friends who were to adopt a family group (2 boys, 2 girls — talk about a life-changing decision!) only to find that their belief that homosexuality is contrary to God’s commands disqualified them (Calif, of course) despite having made arrangements for a new house for all of them to live in, sufficient resources to raise them and all the other hoops having been met. One Social Worker (a lesbian, of course) decided to check that one item and clobbered the whole adoption. The kids are still wandering around the foster care system, having been broken the family group into the two girls in one family and one each of the boys in different families. This after 8 years of waiting to come up in the stack. They aren’t wealthy and were out $20K with no kids.

    No, if anything, we’ve made it far more bureaucratic and PC to adopt here in the US than foreign many countries.
    celador2, if you have personal experiences to the contrary, feel free to voice them. If not, may want to consider backing up a bit and just reading for a while. Madonna and Angelina Jolie are certainly self-serving in their efforts, but they are the vast minority. Most of the folks impacted by nonsense like our Social Work system and foreign politics are just heart-broken would-be parents whose hopes and dreams are dashed by small-minded and petty people in positions of power.

  • Lisasusernamealreadyexists

    Fun fact: foreigners can and do adopt American children. And while there are many children abroad in need of homes, many countries do not consider the US a suitable country and will not allow their children to be adopted here.

  • bassethound

    From what I’ve been given to understand there are several reasons why people don’t adopt in the US, aside from the truly tragic story you’ve just told. One is the fact that most social workers are reluctant to terminate parental rights, even when it becomes obvious that it’s in the best interests of the child to do so. Another is the fact that many fear that the bio-mom will show up at their door to demand the child be returned months if not years after the fact.

    I have some friends who adopted Russian orphans. My daughter also attended elementary school with one.

  • http://www.hakubi.us/ Neil Stevens

    5 (nt)

  • Lisasusernamealreadyexists

    Every state and every county seems to have it’s own problems. I know a lesbian couple who tried to adopt in the US and eventually gave up because the social worker – who had no problem with their homosexuality – repeatedly lied to them about the child’s medical issues. They were willing to accept the medical issues they suspected, but they were not allowed to verify their suspicions and they couldn’t get past the massive deception and dishonesty. They adopted internationally (one woman as a single mom, not as a couple).

  • MF

    Breeanne, all I can say is AMEN! Thank you for this diary and this most recent response.

  • Kyle-MI

    It is not about caring about Russia. It is about caring about children. If you ever even considered to adopt domestically, you wouldn’t even consider making such crass statements.

  • Kyle-MI

    The vast majority of adoptions are not made by celebrities. Though I don’t have the figures, I would bet that the majority of adoptions are made by conservatives. Of course that is just going on adoptive families that I know.

  • Kyle-MI

    I really doubt that it is about suitability. It is usually more about national pride and good old hatred of Americans.

  • Lisasusernamealreadyexists

    No, it’s about regulations and oversight. Adoption is regulated almost entirely at the state level, with actual control at the county level. This results in a mishmash of wildly varying regulations, standards, and practices that foreign governments can’t really deal with, and sometimes there is no followup on the child at all. The US is a signatory to the Hague convention on international adoption which was supposed to help but most countries do not believe this fixed what they consider fundamental flaws in our system. And before you point out that other countries have no right to judge our laws (and they don’t), I don’t know any adoptive parents who don’t agree that our system is messed up.

  • bassethound

    I told a bossy relative to mind her own business when she offered up advice on how to raise our special needs child that I did not agree with. Several days later, I had two CPS social workers turn up at my door, claiming that someone who was “concerned about my parenting skills” had made some truly outrageous complaints.

  • PowerToThePeople

    I have no greater respect for those who adopt and foster unwanted children, children who have been abused, born addicted, or left orphaned as it takes a great person with a huge heart to do so. I also deplore the cost and red tape associated with adoptions and fostering even though I understand that these were born out of concern the child does not go from one bad situation into another or even a worse one. That being said….

    Not sure why so many are angry at Russia. Regardless of why he enacted the ban, it is his country to govern and if the people of Russia are unhappy with his ban, they need to do something about it. I have no problem with someone adopting a child or children from wherever they chose to, but Russia is sovereign and if they do not wish to have their citizens sent out of country for adoption even if for some stupid reason, it is theirs to decide.

    I am also dumbfounded as to why people would think asking Obama to do anything would work. All he could possibly do is mess it up and find a way to make a tax out of the whole thing.

    I would think the best way to reopen the adoption gates would be to work and support those in Russia working to change the law and simply bypass our government. But until they do change or lift the ban, they are their own nation and have the right to run it as they please without interference from us or Obama.

  • Lisasusernamealreadyexists

    Agreed.

  • wumingren

    My wife and I adopted two girls from China about a decade ago. There were many reasons why we chose China. The main reason is that my wife is Chinese and I speak Mandarin at the near-native level of fluency. I also lived in Asia for 20 years, the last 8 years in Taiwan. Our daughters now speak English, Mandarin, and Spanish, and they’re doing great in school.

    The other reason we chose China is because we personally know three couples that adopted children here in America, and they have experienced great distress at the hands of the biological parent(s) and the U.S. legal system.

    The worst case is that of a couple that fostered two boys that had grown up confined to their darkened bedroom. They had never left their cribs from the time they came home from the hospital until they were removed by Social Services at the ages of 4 and 6. Neither of them was able to walk. They were nearly feral due to neglect by the mother, who was a crack whore who didn’t want her johns to be bothered by the kids. She had kept the bedroom door locked and had spray painted the window so no one would see them from the outside.

    The sad thing is that a judge, knowing all the above, granted the biological mother the right to visit her children on their birthdays and holidays, even after the adoption was finalized. Those boys were so traumatized by that woman that they would start wetting their beds two weeks ahead of the anticipated visits by their “mom.” The judge didn’t see this as an issue, yet these two boys suffered the most miserable of birthdays and holidays. Happy birthday? Not.

    The two other families we know had unexpected visits by the biological mothers and one of the fathers. The one father attempted to get the court to give him back the child he said never knew he had. It was a power play to force the woman to take him back. The court entertained his petition, but found him unsuitable in the end, but not before the child had been placed in a foster home until the case worked its way through the system.

    Domestic law concerning adoption and the rights of the biological parents is so unjust that my wife and I knew we would not adopt an American child. No way, no how, not ever. We wanted to be our own family, not some bizarro-family that had to deal with the freak show of courts and petitions and whacko parents from another planet, or worse, a court-order adoption reversal due to biological parent(s) changing their minds.

  • Kyle-MI

    I am an adoptive parent. We have adopted twice. The system is not messed up. If anything, it might be too restrictive. I also have friends and relatives in adoptive families including some close friends who have adopted three boys from Russia. I do not know any adoptive parents who think our system is messed up. I seriously doubt your credentials and whether you know any adoptive parents at all. I do know plenty of adoptive parents who think that a lot of foreign adoptive systems are completely screwy. If you have been through a foreign adoption then you know the rules are arbitrary and capricious. The Russian system in particular is extremely ugly.

  • Lisasusernamealreadyexists

    I have no credentials; only children, support groups, and experience. I suppose I could also accuse you of not being an adoptive parent, but I won’t because I really have no idea why someone would do that. I have also heard horror stories about Russian adoptions, though I don’t know anyone who adopted from there. But it’s good to know that at least someone out there likes our system. You’re the first I’ve heard of.

  • Lisasusernamealreadyexists

    To be fair, there are ways of managing birthfamily contact that can be beneficial to the child, though obviously your friends are not examples of that. I have a niece who was removed involuntarily due to neglect similar to what you describe (not quite as bad, but bad). My brother can’t stand the dirtbag birthparents and limited contact to letters for many years, but when she hit her teens he decided visits were important. My husband and I actually wanted to stay in touch with our children’s birthmoms but both closed the adoptions for reasons of their own and we had to respect their wishes.

  • kuncice

    I was adopted from a German orphanage by an American couple and applaud the ban
    prohibiting Americans from adopting Russian children. In this television interview,
    I describe international adoption from a unique perspective–that of a foreign
    orphan adopted to the United States.

    Peter Dodds
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1kEbQ-5p5g

  • kuncice

    I was adopted from a German orphanage by an American couple and applaud the ban prohibiting Americans from adopting Russian children. I collaborated with other “foreign” adoptees to create this video to help people better
    understand the harm caused by international adoption.

    Peter Dodds
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJlnfkRtBX4

  • kuncice

    In the midst of the most severe financial crisis since the Great Depression overburdened
    American tax payers should not be required to subsidize parents who make a choice to adopt a child from outside the US and bypass 100,000 domestic foster care children available for adoption. Now is the time to end the tax credit for international adoptions.

    http://www.slideshare.net/peterdodds566/international-adoption-tax-credit-15116145

  • westcoastpatriette

    While no one can take away your personal experience, after watching your youtube link, you are obviously an angry man on a mission and, quite frankly, I wouldn’t trust you for that reason. Some of the things you said are grossly untrue and you come off like a bully in your presentation.

    Also, stop spamming your message. You won’t last long here, I promise.

  • PowerToThePeople

    Nice plug for your book. But poor you. You were taken out of an orphanage where you parents left you, cared for by a family who opened their home, hearts, and wallet for you, provided you with a top education, and now you bitch about it and twist so called facts from questionable studies to show it is soooo evil to adopt outside of your own country. Surprising you made it through Ranger training as they used to kick out crybabies, wimps, and ingrates.

    I could care less whether or not a country stop international adoptions of their citizens as it is their right to do so. But you are an ingrate, a liar, a deceiver, and your adoptive parents should sue you for every dime they spent on you.

    PS We too hope the “fatherland” grants you citizenship as you are an embarrassment to this country. Head over there as soon as possible. Just make sure you pay back the evil Americans for the cost of your military training, all school grants, and any other funds you have enjoyed during your stay here.

  • PowerToThePeople

    Why do you care? You want to go back to the fatherland. Get a moving, spare us your blathering.

  • westcoastpatriette

    I can always trust you to say more implicitly what I said in abbreviated form :) ) But really, what an evil man. That youtube video was flat out creepy — like Obama propaganda. The left never stops pushing their agendas and they are always dripping with lies and aggression.

  • PowerToThePeople

    Have you watched the video where he “debates” and old woman about this issue? What he calls debating is really code word for bullying her.

    And yes, he is an evil person so full of himself it is sickening. I am sure his adoptive parents rue the day they saved him from the orphanage.

  • westcoastpatriette

    Yeah, the video with the “debate” with the old woman is what I’m talking about (it’s the only one I risked looking at.) It was evil…made my skin crawl he was so aggressive and full of himself.

  • PowerToThePeople

    Yep, he disgraced himself in that video and with his spewed nonsense. Had that been my mom/sisters/wife/daughters, he would have had a very difficult time viewing the world from his swelled eyes and broken nose.