Chairman Bernanke Finally Spills The Beans


It’s a Bailout

The attention of financial markets yesterday was fixed on the Congressional testimony of Treasury Secretary Paulson and Fed Chairman Bernanke. It was an up and down day, mostly down. Bernanke finally gave us an (elliptical) answer to one of the questions that most concerns Wall Street about the bailout plan: the valuation at which distressed mortgage-backed securities will be purchased. The other question, whether there will be a deal in Congress at all, remains unanswered.

Markets generally had a mostly negative tone yesterday, but well short of the near-panic conditions we saw on the night between Wednesday and Thursday last week. Credit and money markets remained very, very tight, but not at the edge of insanity. Stocks and commodities were generally lower, and interest-rate action was muted.

If you’ve been following my posts, you know that the most critical variable in the proposed purchase by the Treasury of up to $700 billion in MBS and related assets, is the valuation.

Get the valuation too low, and a lot of banks and Wall St. firms will bust because of the capital losses. Get it too high, and it’s a big transfer of wealth from the taxpayers to Wall St.

I’ve been trying to get some sense for how Paulson and Bernanke are seeing this, for days now. Yesterday in open Congressional testimony, Bernanke finally spilled it: the purchases are to take place at “a price close to the hold-to-maturity price.”

I’ll say it straight out: that would be far higher than the current market for these securities. The Troubled Asset Relief Plan is a bailout of Wall Street, at taxpayer expense. Pure and simple.

This puts everyone in a very difficult position, for two reasons: First, it’s morally wrong and politically a disaster. Second, it represents a misallocation of resources that can only hurt the economy later.

So as we’ve learned (after five days of asking the question), the objective of the plan is to reflate the economy. The idea is to pull money into the US economy from global investors, including foreign central banks, through heavy issuance of US Treasury debt.

The purpose of the capitalization is to counteract the effects of the enormous losses that everyone has suffered as housing prices have fallen.

The people who are at the point of the spear are the banks and Wall Street firms who own the notes on your house. They’re the ones with such large losses that they can’t pursue any new business.

But the body of the spear is everyone who owns a home and is paying on a mortgage. If you’re a homeowner, your situation is stable because you can keep paying that mortgage (unlike leveraged Wall St. firms who face bankruptcy). But you’re not going to be buying a whole lot of new goodies (and therefore expanding the economy) as long as the value of your house is lower than it used to be.

Apparently the hope is to flood enough additional capital through the system to loosen everything up. The downside risk if that this enormous misallocation of resources will produce high inflation over time, and restrain growth in the whole global economy.

I’m starting to see some of the dimensions of what is happening here. Bernanke, who is a deeply-knowledgeable expert on the subject of deflation, is going to err on the side of inflation.

And I can broadly agree with this. Inflation reduces the value of your savings, but deflation throws people out of work. Taken to an extreme, deflation frays the social fabric and leads to radical, even revolutionary tendencies in politics.

The other thing I think they’re trying to do is to manage this situation in light of the lessons learned by Japan’s horrible mismanagement of their housing deflation a decade ago.

We’ll all need a bit more time to figure this out, and I think Paulson understands that this deal can’t be done in a few days.

And that’s where it gets sticky. In terms of the politics, the whole situation is coming at an unfortunate time.

I’m not talking about the Presidential election, which is between a man (McCain) who is not known to believe in free markets, and another man (Obama) who is not known to believe anything at all. As far as economic management is concerned, the Presidential choice is nearly random.

I’m talking about Congress. They’re scheduled to get the hell out of Dodge on Friday, to go get themselves re-elected. Three more days isn’t enough time to get this deal done. Congress should ideally work on this for a month (forget about it), but at least they should stick around for another week or two to put a few markers down.

Otherwise financial markets will be in turmoil for months to come.

-Francis Cianfrocca


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37 Comments Leave a comment

That ledge is looking mighty fine....

Mr_Green Wednesday, September 24th at 6:22AM EDT (link)

Sorry for the double post

Mr_Green Wednesday, September 24th at 6:28AM EDT (link)

But I have to ask, I’m a young student who is going to be out of college and searching for a job in the next two to three years. What does this mean for me? Are there going to be jobs for me when I get out? Will I be able to purchase a home? Will I be up to my ears is debt and taxes trying to support these firms? Im not sure what to expect anymore and all of this is sort of depressing to know that Im going to have to deal with something that wasn’t my fault. How long can we expect any sort of recovery? Or is this something we’ll never fully recover from?

 
 

Does this about sum it up?

Steph C (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 6:37AM EDT (link)

At least from the average American’s perspective?

He’s going to inject 700 billion to bail out Wall Street while the taxpayers will foot the bill creating more financial hardship in the form of taxes and inflation when we’re already struggling with higher prices and making ends meet?

How many more people will be pushed into defaults on credit cards, mortgages, and everything else in an effort to bailout the others. You know, that domino effect? The average American is hurting now and they want to make it worse?

If I have this summed up about right, then I may as well walk away from my own home now instead of trying to hang on for another few years sinking money into it just to see it all be taken away. I may be in that lower 40% of taxpayers but I do pay taxes.

“[I]f the public are bound to yield obedience to laws to which they cannot give their approbation, they are slaves to those who make such laws and enforce them.” –Candidus in the Boston Gazette, 1772
Hillbilly Politics

Nobody's Fault & Everybody's Fault

enrique Wednesday, September 24th at 6:46AM EDT (link)

Well, you are an American and whether you like it or not, the blame lies precisely on your shoulders and mine. Mine because I paid no attention to how the market worked, or the Federal Reserve, or Wall Street, or banks.

It’s our faults for believing that credit was free without risk. That houses’ values always went up. That owning a house right out of college was important. That we needed to establish ‘good’ credit early in life.

It’s congress’s fault for not questioning the Federal Reserve and what they were doing when money was easy and flowing freely into the treasury. It’s their fault for spending (both GOP and Dems, let’s be honest) like drunken sailors on foreign expeditions and domestic social boondoggles (Medicare prescription, etc.).

So now we have to pay. Don’t be depressed because we will all go through it either with seriously tough times soon for a year or two or a long extended no-growth economy for years depending on how the bailout transpires. Either way, you’re young, have a work ethic (it seems), and enough sense to know things aren’t great.

As long as you work hard, save, don’t leverage yourself, and don’t expect things to come easily (including credit, cars, homes) then things will work out fine for you. The ones I see hurting the most are the folks nearing retirement who were counting on the gravy train of social security, medicare, and their 401K in the stock market. Life is about to become very difficult for them.

“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil to one striking at the root.” Henry David Thoreau

 
 

I have to give you credit Blackhedd

bk (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 6:49AM EDT (link)

I caught a little bit of the hearing yesterday, and thanks to things you said earlier here I had my ear ready to hear any discussion related to valuation.

I happened to have it on during a Menendez piece, and instead of the usual pompous grandstanding he asked a few decent questions it seemed to me. Here is my very broad paraphrasing of two of them – feel free to tell me if my interpretation is off base.

Q: If as you said nobody knows how to value these things, then how do you set a value for them?

A: It’s like a Sotheby’s auction where you don’t know what something is worth until the auction is over and you have a buyer.

My interpretation: An art auction drives a top price. Here we’re taking all the downside risk hoping the price recovers years later. So to carry his analogy out, he’s asking us taxpayers to buy a painting for $700B that we’ll put it up for auction years from now, because it wouldn’t bring anywhere near that price today. But the people who sell us the painting now are quite happy.

Q: How are you going to know if these firms are dumping off their worst assets and keeping the good ones for themselves?

A: We’ll be going through a class at a time, and it could well be that we decide to take the worst of the bunch in each case.

My interpretation: This is what will convince people it’s a bailout of Wall Street. The millionaires running the show who helped create the crisis get to keep the good stuff and we taxpayers will get to eat the losses where they screwed up. What a deal!

 

I am beginning to think this is a sham.

Jim Tomasik (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:04AM EDT (link)

I have been thinking about something for the past 24 hours. I’m not saying I know what the cure is but commons sense tells me this is not right.

If the U.S. is going to pour the tax money into a fix, why not pour it into the nation’s infrastructure? This infusion would keep people working and spending money in the economy while the banks rebuild themselves from the ground up which is what needs to happen. We would see something for the money we spend as well.

We could easily pay to have a complete hydrogen fueling infrastructure, a complete CNG infrastructure and a lot of other things that would cure other ills our nation faces.

This bail out, as it is now, looks like something that is going to kill taxpayers without giving anything to show for it. It looks like a Wall Street scam.

 

There's something I don't understand, isn't PMInsurance supposed

Vaughn Harold (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:12AM EDT (link)

to cover the extra risks associated with the types of mortgages that are failing and supposedly creating this problem?

That's a perceptive question

Francis Cianfrocca (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:18AM EDT (link)

If we go forward and re-liquefy the economy, then good free-market principles suggest that we simply make credit available through the channels that already exist for getting it into the hands of people who will create new economic activity.

(I’m sidestepping the obvious political problem with that, which is that the people want to see Wall St. punished.)

If you say “let’s create infrastructure instead,” you’re not changing the fact that you will still need to put credit into the financial system to make the infrastructure happen. All you’re doing is directing how those resources will be spent. That’s fundamentally contrary to free-market principles.

But this is why your question is perceptive: it may be that Americans don’t want to make investments in infrastructure, or other kinds of high-productivity activity, like green-tech and energy-tech.

If that’s true, then the problem really is with Main Street, not with Wall Street. And no amount of government sponsorship of infrastructure programs can counteract that.

 
 

Why not do a smaller package, say $200B,

streetwise (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:23AM EDT (link)

and see how they handle it?

Aside from electing smart people...

unoacto Wednesday, September 24th at 7:29AM EDT (link)

I would suggest that you graduate from the most competitive school you can and get good grades. Also, live like your poor until you pay off your school loans.

That’s about all you can do.

Mr_Green, the technical term for [responding to your own post here] is a "kowalski"...

Moe Lane (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:30AM EDT (link)

…after one of our readers, who is locally famous for doing precisely that, sometimes up to five or six times. He has, in fact, legitimized the practice, within reason: so no apology was actually necessary in this case. :)

 
 
 

Great job Blackhedd

Cowboy (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:31AM EDT (link)

Thanks for taking something so complicated and making it understandable.

Like the new insurance ad. I don’t like it but I get it.

There was some discussion of this yesterday

bk (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:44AM EDT (link)

in the form of grandstanding by Chuckie Schumer (and perhaps at other points as well). The answer was more or less that we need to have this giant bazooka ready so that people know we’re serious and therefore it’s less likely we need to use it. Well, something to that effect anyway.

Prudence suggests that they'll get off to a slow start

Francis Cianfrocca (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:51AM EDT (link)

Assuming like-minded people are in charge at Treasury after the Presidential election. The Federal Reserve is less vulnerable to political manipulation.

I think they don’t want to have to go back to the well in Congress again, so they’re asking for the whole authorization up front. When markets move against you, they can do so overnight, and if Congress has to approve everything you do, that’s not a good place to be.

I must ask another, maybe stupid, couple of questions.

Vaughn Harold (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:53AM EDT (link)

I’ve read all of your post since the Bear Sterns problem and have noticed that you use the term “current accounting rules”. First question, have these changed within the past couple of years and created the market disturbances we are currently seeing?

Also, I searched online for who sets these accounting rules and the term “FASB” comes up. There was also an article posted in the Washington Post at the end of July that stated that the FASB would delay certain accounting rules that they were about to implement till next year. Based on this article it seems that the FASB could be somewhat responsible for some of the nervousness in the markets. If so, my second question is what political affiliations do the members of the FASB have?

 
 
 
 

Spilling or Spoiling the Beans?

Rod_Patrick (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 7:56AM EDT (link)

The reaction of ordinary Americans is this:

OMG

 

Great post as always BH

Pnuka77 Wednesday, September 24th at 7:58AM EDT (link)

Curious if you saw Ben Stein’s WSJ article on the collapse and what you thought of it?

My point is

Jim Tomasik (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 8:02AM EDT (link)

that “if” we must spend the money, lets have something to show for it.

It looks like free market principals are being thrown out the window anyway now that it is Wall Street that is on the wrong end of the gun.

Personally, I do not care to punish folks on either ‘Wall Street’ or ‘Main Street’. I am thinking more along the lines of letting the chips fall where they may while looking out for the people who are actually paying the bill to protect the economy.

I bet people will be more likely to buy into infrastucture than this bail out.

The Job Market....

MSU_Charles Wednesday, September 24th at 8:09AM EDT (link)

will be tight for you and everyone else graduating in the next few years, but not hopeless. As a college professor, the best advice I can give you is to begin getting as many internships that you can before your graduating year. If you perform well, you might just fall right into a job without going through the headache of the job search. The basic idea in a tight job market (really, in any job market) is to set yourself apart from your competition. Strong grades, internships, leadership roles in extracurricular activities, etc. are good ways to set yourself apart.

Understand that many internships do not provide compensation or very little at best, so be prepared to sacrifice in the short-term to benefit in the long-term. Being short-sided is the current college student’s greatest failure. So many of my students buy the new car, have the large apartment or house, some begin having children, basically they try to begin adult life too early. This is expensive and these students have 1 or 2 jobs to pay for all of this and can’t concentrate on studying and getting internships, basically failing to prepare for their future careers.

Best of Luck with your career.

 
 
 

This is not a give away

TomOConnor Wednesday, September 24th at 8:11AM EDT (link)

The $700 billion price tag is not just being given away. The money is being used to buy mortgages that do in fact have a value, but due to current conditions the market is unable to decide on a price.

With a mortgage default rate of 4%, paying $0.30 on the dollar and holding these securities seems like a great deal in the long run for the taxpayer.

The MBS market is huge, and not going to go away because of this episode. There is plenty of money out there and they will return to the market once stability and order return to the market.

I say write the check.

 

I'm getting that horrible feeling

joe24pack (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 8:20AM EDT (link)

That we’re going to be swindled once again. At this point I’m losing what little trust I had in these jokers. Sounds like capitalism for the common person, socialism (only when reality bites) for the powerful and connected. Paulson, if he had any honor, should recuse himself from this.

Save the Earth, it’s the only known planet with beer.

 

Why not...

coachfess (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 8:26AM EDT (link)

ask Congress to cut out 700 billion of its spending and send it on over to Wall Street.

OL

 

We could call it the..

coachfess (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 8:35AM EDT (link)

“Hey Congress, I already gave” Campaign.

Kind of like the Drill Here, Drill Now thing.

“Was it over when the Germans bombed Pearl Harbor? Who’s with me”?

OL

Thank You

LAWizard (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 9:13AM EDT (link)

It seems like most people around here are intent on adhering to their strict free market principles and lose sight of the situation at hand.

I oppose government bailouts too, except what I really mean is I oppose bailouts 98% of the time. There are always unusal situations and I think this qualifies as one.

 
 

I "like" this proposed bailout less and less

JSobieski (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 9:17AM EDT (link)

Bernanke acknowledges that accounting rules are transforming this problem from bad economic news into a potential apolcolypse.

) `’Accounting rules require banks to value many assets at something close to a very low fire-sale price rather than the hold-to-maturity price,” Bernanke said in testimony to the Senate Banking Committee today.

http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601068&sid=aqCh43qzoq5M&refer=home

Bernanke also provides that for the crisis to be avoided, the way in which the mortgage-based securities are value must be changed, and that the mark-to-market method can’t be used.

“If the Treasury bids for and then buys assets at a price close to the hold-to-maturity price, there will be substantial benefits.”

http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601068&sid=aqCh43qzoq5M&refer=home

Why not just allow the current bond holders (e.g. the PRIVATE SECTOR) to determine a value for the bonds in the way that Bernanke wants the GOVERNMENT to do with our tax dollars? Would not such an alternative not achieve the same result while avoiding a potentially permanent expansion of government into the economy>

All of this can be avoided if a system were put into place that allowed private companies to hold these distressed assets. Rather than a centralized holding place, why not use a decentralized one? Why not allow financial firms with structured (Tier 3) assets issued between December 2003 and August 2007 to suspend mark-to market accounting for those assets, and receive government insurance as a backstop? This would be a temporary solution, not requiring any ultimate change in Sarbanes Oxley or mark-to-market accounting rules, and the government could even make money by selling insurance with less risk to the taxpayer than buying them outright. In essence a firm could sequester, or firewall off these specific assets from the rest of its balance sheet, and either finance this itself, or bring in outside financing. The firm would promise to hold the securities to maturity, or until government insurance was no longer needed when it liquidated the assets. All of these deals could be settled in the private sector, in multiple locations with the government looking over the shoulder of each deal.

If the rules had been relaxed a little bit for these specific assets, Merrill Lynch could have created its own private equity investment fund inside its corporate structure instead of selling at a huge loss to Lone Star, which created its own holding vehicle. This plan would leave mark-to-market accounting regulations intact. It would be a temporary change in the rules. Its most important attribute is that it leaves taxpayer powder dry for another day. It also allows the private sector to price assets in an environment that is
not contrived and will help avoid the loss of, or government takeover of, more private firms.

http://www.ftportfolios.com/Commentary/EconomicResearch/2008/9/22/heresaplantoavoidanew_rtc

http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB122178603685354943-lMyQjAxMDI4MjIxMjcy
ODI2Wj.html

Did you know that China has been losing manufacturing jobs since 1995? For the specific data, see Table 1 in the following link: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/07/art2full.pdf

Within Reason

kowalski (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 9:19AM EDT (link)

I’ll second this post and add that a “Kowalski” as I define it and I hope Redstate does has to meet some strict criteria in order to qualify:

1) It must be some continuation or addendum or partial refutation of the statement that was made in the original comment.

2) The reader must be able to take the string of comments and piece them back together in order to form some coherent picture of the totality of the thoughts being expressed.

3) If the thoughts are contradictory, the reader should be able to view them as a kind of internal dialectic successfully.

4) If you Kowalski yourself, you should try to do it in moderation. Using the technique is a sign that you were thinking too fast and all your thoughts piled up at your own internal Von Neumann bottleneck while they were in-flight, before they could be sorted out.

5) Try to be humorous, if you can. That’s part of the spirit.

So: Moderation, completion of a thought, further expatiation, humor. Those are the minimal criteria.

I’ll Kowalski myself later and add more, probably. :)

Welcome to Experience U!

Achance (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 9:51AM EDT (link)

Yours is far from the first graduating class to have faced a financial downturn, many far worse than this.

In Vino Veritas

Great!

zroxx (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 10:03AM EDT (link)

What can we count on you for, then? $100,000? Excellent!

Only $699,900,000 left! Good luck on your investment, BTW.

A better plan

Rich1211 (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 10:34AM EDT (link)

Problem is, this has been tried at least twice in the past

Jeff Weimer (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 10:36AM EDT (link)

It’s classic Keynesian “pump priming” that has been shown to have little effectiveness and are a lousy reallocation of resources to show we are “doing something”. At worst, they prolong the agony by removing capital from the free market and have it directed by the whims of the government. All the public works done by the WPA and such in the 30s and the attempts by Japan in the 90s did very little to help those economies out of their doldrums.

All these public works do help later on, after the economy has recovered, but they do little to bootstrap it.

Anyone who has the power to make you believe absurdities has the power to make you commit injustices.
-Voltaire

A better plan

Rich1211 (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 10:38AM EDT (link)

Right on Zroxx

Alberta (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 10:46AM EDT (link)

Your point is bullseye.

Hey TomOConnor, you think the banks dont know that these securities may be worth something if held to maturity? Why wouldnt private money step into the picture to buy distressed assets? Maybe its because the government already seized Fannie and Freddie (aka Frannie) and you would now have to be an idiot to pay for something it looks the government will give you for free. So yes, this is a bailout. A huge, expensive wealth transfer from the government to the rich. Socialisms sweet eh?

and to LAWizard, I think you need to read some philosophy. If something isnt good in the extremes, then it just isnt good. Or viable. You think the free market only works 98% of the time? Then your saying you dont believe in the free market (which doesnt exist in this particular case because of very terrible regulation on the financials).

Please people. Lets keep the yearning for communism at a minimal.

Sir, my concern is not whether God is on our side; my greatest concern is to be on God’s side, for God is always right.
Abraham Lincoln

Perhaps it could be done in installments with decision points,

streetwise (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 10:47AM EDT (link)

like presidential approval with a special report to Congress.

Curiously, the reality of the bailout is working somewhat like stock buybacks: the NEWS of the event generates buzz and price momentum, perhaps more so than the event itself as it unfolds.

Of course, it works the same way on the downside. :(

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

It's About The Solvency Crisis

olderthangandalf Wednesday, September 24th at 10:48AM EDT (link)

The more we learn, the more clear it becomes that this is not really about liquidity or temporary technical impediments to lending.

This is about taking banks who have, in effect, become insolvent or nearly so through highly-leveraged bets that went bad, and recapitalizing them with taxpayer dollars (without getting any equity for the taxpayers). The mechanism is to overpay for the bad debt, hoping that no one pays attention to the vast (and I mean VAST) transfer of wealth that will take place.

It would be cheaper and faster to just wire a few hundred billion to the banks at issue as a gift, and let the market handle clearing out the bad financial instruments. That would at least save us the cost of erecting a huge bureaucracy designed to achieve the same end. The only problem with just wiring the money is that it would make apparent what’s going on, and democracy might break out, stopping the bailout in its tracks.

Also, I don’t take inflation as lightly as you do. I think it was Reagan who described it as an insidious silent tax. It hits hardest at those who have budgeted and saved, and disproportionately disadvantages the elderly and those on fixed incomes. It’s not at all harmless. (And, yes, you didn’t say it was harmless, but you are far more comfortable with it than I am.)

Uhh .30 woulod be fine

Xraxnd_Caracarn Wednesday, September 24th at 10:54AM EDT (link)

But from the tone of BH’s post I got the idea they are going $.90- .95.

The money quote was near maturity value.

 
 

I hope Pelosi successfully kills the bailout

Raven (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 11:17AM EDT (link)

with her “No drill” energy plan amendment…

“If you do not have a sword, sell your cloak and buy one.”
Luke 22:36

 

For some color on the markets: A conversation with a money manager

streetwise (Diary) Wednesday, September 24th at 1:54PM EDT (link)

whose money market fund has suspended cash redemptions temporarily.

The fund has top credit holdings, all A-1/P-1, with a rock solid credit rating. There is no threat to the fund’s yield or its Net Asset Value of $1.00, which is the standard for money funds.

The problem: when someone wants to redeem shares, the fund has to sell one of their high quality holdings to raise the cash to pay the shareholder. On some days, there are literally no buyers, so no investment sales can take place for top-graded paper.

This is the kind of thing that gums up the economy big time.

As I’ve said before, a stitch in time saves nine.