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Dealergate 7: Why were top-performing dealers closed?

Chrysler and the auto task force don't have an answer.

Since we last checked in on the Dealergate fiasco, the new media has been busy doing the work old media reporters should have been doing all along. Obama sycophants on the Left end of the blogosphere continued with their “nothing to see here, folks” defense of their beloved savior-president. And Chrysler dealers on the closed list offered evidence in court that most had sales figures and customer satisfaction ratings above the norm for all MOPAR dealers. But could all this just be trees, and could they be obscuring our view of the forest?

Zero Hedge, which had undercounted dealers who made political donations in their first stab at crunching the data, decided a new approach with less chance of misinterpreting the data was needed. Chrysler insists that it had established criteria for closing dealerships based on sales volume, price, customer satisfaction and service department performance. These criteria were incorporated into two Chrysler programs – Project Alpha and Project Genesis – for evaluating its dealers and deciding which ones would be terminated and which were allowed to hold on to their franchises:

“So in the event that retained dealers were not Genesis compliant while cut ones were, this would demonstrate that there was, in fact, more here than meets the eye.”

ZH researcher Marla is working on this right now. What got her interested in pursuing this particular line of inquiry? From the bankruptcy proceedings, the sworn testimony of a dealer in Little Rock, where she has connections:

On May 13, 2009, I received a letter from Chrysler notifying the Dealership that Chrysler had elected to “reject” our Dealer Agreement. I am obviously very familiar with the Little Rock, Arkansas dealer network and was surprised because both Cook and Crain, the only Chrysler dealers in Little Rock, were both rejected. Therefore, Chrysler’s action would, on its face, result in a complete lack of representation in a major American city. Since that would be a ludicrous result, one can only infer that Chrysler has a more sinister motive.

Because it is inconceivable that Chrysler will not have a dealership in Little Rock going forward, the only conclusion that one could draw is that, after review, the evidence in other markets in the region, that Chrysler now intends to “give” the Little Rock market to a Landers-related dealer.

Having reviewed the pattern of assumption and rejection of dealers throughout their region, I have detected a pattern: In every market where there is a dealership connected with former Penske Automotive executive Steve Landers, or his new automotive partnership with “Mac” McLarty (former Chief of Staff for President Clinton) and Robert L. Johnson (majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats), the competitors are rejected.

In the Little Rock, Landers Chrysler Dodge Jeep is located far out of town in Benton, Arkansas. Nevertheless, the two Little Rock dealers, Cook and Crain were rejected.

In the Fayetteville, Arkansas area, Landers-McLarty Dodge Chrysler Jeep is located far out of town in Bentonville, Arkansas. Competitors Springdale Dodge Chrysler, Steve Smith County Jeep and Jones Brothers were all rejected.

In the Shreveport, Louisiana market, Lee’s Summit Dodge Chrysler Jeep (a Landers McLarty dealership) is located in Bossier City, Louisiana. Both competitive dealers, Claude de Beaux in Vivian, Louisiana and Greater Birmingham Dodge Chrysler in Shreveport were rejected.

In the Springfield, Missouri market, Tri-Lakes Motors (a Landers-McLarty dealership) is located in Branson, Missouri. Competitors Heritage Chrysler Jeep in Ozark, Missouri and Ramsay Motor Company in Harrison, Arkansas were rejected. A pattern seems to be emerging. Everywhere there is a Landers-McLarty dealership, Chrysler has rejected the competition.

In the Huntsville, Alabama market, Landers McLarty Dodge Chrysler Jeep, is located in Huntsville. Competitor Cloverleaf Chrysler Dodge Jeep was rejected.

Favoritism and cronyism towards preferred dealer group is not a valid exercise of business judgment.

Ah, Landers, Mclarty and Johnson — now where have we heard those names before? Joey Smith and Doug Ross had first found and exposed the favorable treatment RLJ’s dealerships had received, and now testimony has been given in a court of law that, as Doug says, “aligns almost precisely with the findings that Joey Smith and I championed.” Interestingly, it was ZH’s decision to include primary owners (such as Landers) and exclude those individuals who were not majority owners (such as McLarty and Johnson) which caused donors to Democrat candidates and causes to be undercounted in their first run through the data.

Another continuing line of investigation into the dealer scandal involves dealerships owned by individuals who are members of minority ethnic groups. Tom Lamb, who blogs at It’s a Kwazy Life, began working on this aspect of Dealergate last month and found that of the minority-owned dealerships in the Chrysler dealer network, Hispanic-owned outlets were closed at a higher rate than were African-American-owned dealerships. As Doug observed, “When dealerships had to be closed, it would appear political correctness trumped merit.”

But what is being obscured by all of this is one basic question, and I still have not heard a satisfactory answer to it. Is it really necessary to have to close all these dealerships? A Bloomberg report indicates that may not be the case:

“There’s the school of thought that if [GM and Chrysler] want to emulate the success of brands like Toyota and Honda they should emulate their dealer structure,” said Jack Nerad, an analyst for car-pricing company Kelley Blue Book in Irvine, California. “That certainly seems to be the view of the automotive task force.”

Nerad was referring to President Barack Obama’s car task force, which steered Chrysler into bankruptcy on April 30 and set a June 1 deadline for GM to finish restructuring outside of court. The panel said it wasn’t involved in the dealer cuts.

[...]

Dumping dealers isn’t part of the cuts in costs and debt at GM and Chrysler. Instead, “underperforming” stores, as GM put it, were targeted to ensure the automakers’ future retail networks will be stronger for when the companies reorganize.

Both GM and Chrysler, as well as Obama’s auto task force, have maintained that the automakers needed to shed dealers because the outlets have been costing the companies too much money. Mark LaNeve, GM’s North American sales chief, whether wittingly or unwittingly shot that excuse full of holes:

“Too many dealers, in actuality, is not the problem,” LaNeve said on a May 15 conference call. “We’ve got too little industry and too little sales we have to contend with.”

Whoa, wait a minute. We’ve heard dealers say that, but this is the first time to my recollection that a member of the corporate management team has admitted it. The man in charge of GM sales in North America says that too many dealers is not the problem, while the government panel directing the dismantling of both companies and the official line being spouted by the companies maintains otherwise. Who has it right here? A car guy or a committee of people who don’t know anything about the auto business and the companies who are subservient to it?

To answer that question, we need to know how much dealers cost the car companies. Watch the video of this report from Chris Cotter of Fox Business, as he relates that closing the dealerships “will do absolutely nothing to affect Chrysler’s bottom line”:

“These dealerships are all self-contained. The buildings they own are leased. The vehicles are essentially owned by Chrysler Financial. They pay on the note. All their marketing expense, parts, service, all contained within the dealer. So there’s a lot of misunderstanding out there of what good that will actually do, and in some cases, many people feel like it will even do harm.”

Yesterday we reported on some of the harm that closing the dealers is causing.

Let’s review. Dealers pay for the franchises, training, special tools and equipment for the shop (the mechanics pay for their own tools), etc. So we see that dealers actually cost Chrysler relatively little money, and closing them will not, as the dealer in the report said, affect the corporate bottom line.

So why close any dealers at all? The answer is that some dealerships have to be closed so that the ones remaining will be more profitable. But if that’s the case, then why, as evidence presented to the bankruptcy court clearly shows, are many very profitable dealerships which fit Chrysler’s own profile for staying open, being closed instead?

So far, Chrysler hasn’t been able to answer that question. When you ask the Obama administration the same question, they refer you back to Chrysler. The anecdotal evidence overwhelmingly says that there is no good answer to the question, which leaves only bad ones.

As a number of bloggers and Chrysler dealers who are having the rug pulled out from under them have maintained all along, the appearance is that politics is playing a major role in determining which MOPAR dealers are being shut down and which ones are being allowed to retain their franchises. The administration’s apologists at HuffPo and other Obama fan sites dismiss this, but they won’t address the facts which have been brought to light by a relatively small but dedicated group of bloggers. We eagerly await the results of Zero Hedge’s test of Chrysler dealerships to determine if the ones being shuttered fit the criteria laid out in the company’s Project Alpha and Project Genesis programs. If they do not, there will be hell to pay.

- JP

COMMENTS

  • E Pluribus Unum

    And you’re right. This gets NO play in the majority media, and not especially alot by right-media and new media.

    This is a huge budding scandal, and should (but won’t) result in impeachments, expulsions, and prison. We need to do our very best to push this to the forefront.

  • http://web.mac.com/mayo99/iWeb/Site/VladBlog/VladBlog.html Vladimir

    This is a fantastic line of inquiry, demonstrating why the Good Lord invented blogs.

  • janis

    Tell us all over again what paranoid little freaks we are and how the statistics don’t support our “assumptions.”

    And from now on, please remember: if it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck and looks like a duck, it’s a duck. Bank on it.

    • seandparnell

      For starters, these aren’t statistics – they’re anecdotes, and inferences drawn from those anecdotes.

      It’s also worth pointing out that this is different from the original claim, that the Obama administration was using GOP contributor lists to target dealers for closing.

      This claim is entirely different – and, from what I’ve seen, plausible and possible, and there’s no reason for me to cast any doubt on it, other than to the extent that I’ll wait for more evidence until making firm conclusions.

      To recap: the statistics do not support the claim that they used GOP donor lists to close dealers. The anecdotes recited here are certainly worth looking into, and I would not be terribly surprised if it was true that someone in the administration favored one or even a few Clinton/Dem/Washington Insider dealerships.

      Thanks for remembering me, though.

      • http://www.fredsnews.com Fred Maidment

        Even if I disagree.

        Statistics are a useful tool, but they don’t explain everything. I’m not counting out the GOP-donor lists just yet…

      • http://andrightlyso.com/ civil_truth

        The GOP donor criteria seemed too diffuse to produce statistical significance – as well as being too synthetic of a criteria.

        However, if there’s paydirt, I strongly suspect it will come from identifying individuals with political connections to the decision-makers to gain favor and/or individuals who are targets of retribution – especially if combined with an inability to find a statistically significant difference between winners and losers on the basis of the stated Project Alpha and Project Genesis criteria. If the stated criteria prove to be a smokescreen, then the case is much stronger for taking a “where there’s smoke there’s a fire” approach.

        It’s still too early to see how strong a case can be made, but I find the current direction far more promising than the donations red herring that was investigated at the beginning.

        • 6eorge Jetson

          “not someone with the connections to participate in the payoff game”.

          There’s a lot of money on the table in these decisions. I think Blago would have said, “This think is _____ golden!”

      • DONTREADONME
        • http://www.hakubi.us/ Neil Stevens

          Anecdotes are self-selected. Data useful for drawing statistical inferences that isn’t.

          • Josh Painter

            We need empirical evidence. That’s what I’m hoping we will get from Zero Hedge this time.

            - JP

          • DONTREADONME

            most of the time we find a pattern in the data that is specifically anecdotal until we are able to put the numbers together. Without a view of anecdotal evidence which leads to a hypothesis about something you will never take the data to a level of statistical analysis.

          • DONTREADONME

            I think you missed the snark in my comment. A large quantity of anecdotal evidence seeks to be anecdotal evidence and turns into a statitical analysis. One story with another differing story is two diverging anecdotes while thirth anecdotal story’s with the same theme cease to be anecdotal and start to become evidence of something larger. Make sense?

          • DONTREADONME

            it should read while having twenty anecdotal stories with the same theme and effect the anecdotal evidence begins to appear as a pattern. Sorry for the word jumble.

      • Flagstaff

        the first reports of Dealers being closed because of their GOP affiliation were an indicator that there might be more than a simple business plan involved.

        As more people have looked further into it, a more definite pattern of evidence is emerging, a pattern that might have been hidden by the first observations. As some of us pointed out days ago, it wasn’t just a matter of “who was closed,” but also, “who is being brought in to replace them.” Now it appears there is a third consideration, “who is left in place to take over their customers.” There are enough dealers that they will form a convincing pattern.

        There is a fact that we’re all missing, too. Is there any competition for Amtrak? No. Yet Amtrak loses $450 per passenger.

        We might end up with GM-Chrysler destroying Ford with predatory pricing, while they continue to lose thousands of dollars on every car. Government control of any industry consigns it to failure.

        • molybdanthan

          when they’ve rigged the system to favor GM. They’ll say it’s capitalism at work, but it’s as far from that as we are from Pluto.

        • Josh Painter

          they will need to have the right product. I don’t see the product planners in the White House bringing such product to market. They will bring to market what *they* think people *should* be driving, not what people *want* to drive.

          That liberal arrogance will be their downfall.

          - JP

          • TNJim

            GoMo and Chrylobama will be making in order to meet the new cafe and emission standards all auto makers doing business in the US will have to adhere to.

          • red4ever

            Just like with Amtrak we will have no choice. Ford will be forced out of business by laws prohibiting competition. You can’t get anywhere on a passenger train anymore except by Amtrak because of the prohibition against competition with the government owned train. You will not be able to buy any car but a Chrysler or GM enviro car.

            Henry Ford is laughing. “You can have any color you want, as long as it is black.”

          • Flagstaff

            I have personal reasons for wanting Ford to succeed. In fact there are plenty of personal reasons to want GM/Chrysler to succeed as well, there are just some other macroeconomic reasons to believe they will fail to be profitable under the government’s mismanagement. I don’t want their situation to adversely affect Ford or me.

            If Lamar Alexander’s plan to distribute the GM stock to 2009 taxpayers succeeds (it won’t), it would bring some hope that we could get the Government out of GM. If not, GM will eventually just become a black hole into which our money flows.

          • TNJim

            1) He’s a Republican and 2) “it would bring some hope that we could get the Government out of GM.”

            Obama’s not going to give up control of anything he’s acquired conttrol of so far, no matter how much he says he doesn’t want to run a car company or a bank.

            Oh, need to add to 1) above:

            … he’s from a state that not only voted against Obama in ’08 but then voted in a Republican majority in the state house and senate.

          • Flagstaff

            weeks ago, was that the Treasury should trade the GM stock for the Special Bonds being held in the SocSec Trust fund. If GM succeeds, it will make the Fund whole. If not, the fund will be broke in a few years anyway.

      • evanm

        “Dealergate” has included more than statistics from the beginning: For example, here’s one of Doug Ross’ first posts on the statistics. But it also discusses several specific markets where successful Republican donors were shut out, and features quotes from skeptical dealers.

        I suspect the statistics got more ‘feedback’ from people like Nate Silver because they’re an easier target: people are naturally suspicious of them, and one doesn’t have to attack the credibility of small businessmen to attack the math on dealerships. They also pose a bigger threat to Obama’s racket.

        These anecdotes, on the other hand, show a lot of hard-working Americans sticking their necks out for something, as far as I can see, they believe in.

        • The_Gadfly

          These anecdotes, on the other hand, show a lot of hard-working Americans sticking their necks out for something…

          The pros and the courts may be looking for statistics to prove something impartially, but that doesn’t connect with most Americans. But when they see somebody they know, who has played by rules, worked hard, has a profitable business, contributes to the community, and especially if they’ve managed to get a reputation for being fair to their customers as well, being shut down for no just cause by The Man, that’s when they get mad and start planning to take it out on The Man. Obama’s playing the feelings game. Anecdotes connect with feelings, statistics connect (sometimes) with the brain. We’ll need the statistics eventually too, but for the moment, we need to hit him square in the empathy gut.

      • Jeff Weimer

        If they were using DEMOCRAT donor lists to help decide.

        But it would look little different than the other way around, as it has the exact same effect. It would also be equally as corrupt, if true.

      • janis

        No matter what the opposition says, I thank them for agreeing with me and declare the discussion to be over.

        So, seandparnell, thanks for playing, thanks for agreeing with me, and the discussion is now closed. ;-)

  • NeoKong

    Photobucket

    Simply disgusting.

    • http://www.hakubi.us/ Neil Stevens

      They’re not state run. State run would imply that they bow to The Leader involuntarily.

      But no.. they choose to be tools of The Leader. That makes them liars, as they claim to be unbiased.

      • NeoKong

        This will sum it up perfectly.

      • The_Gadfly
      • Flagstaff

        They’re just fellow travelers and useful idiots.

  • IJB

    When you throw that in there too, it really looks like the whole deal has been put together to work for (or buy off) Landers…

  • http://groups.yahoo.com/group/republican587/ Elizabeth Christian

    Obama knows he does not have a clue how to actually put into play his silly ideas – therefore he knows he does not know how to actually get the cars out there that he wants – even when/if the idiot government is able to put together a tincan on wheels it will be like a trillion dollars and nobody would buy it – therefore – get rid of the good dealers because Government Motors will run out of supply as soon as they are under the foolish standards set forth by B.H. Obama!!!

    Just a thought – great blog ; )

  • http://www.800cart.com Ron Robinson

    So if they are closing the successful dealers and letting the less successful dealers with lower customer satisfaction ratings continue, only one thing can happen:

    Sales will drop. They won’t be able to sell very many cars.

    They will have to come back for more handouts or go bankrupt.

    Hell of a deal.

    • briann

      They will have to come back for more handouts, a la Amtrak.

      I’m not sure what you mean by “the market”, the companies that are making the best product at the lowest price (Honda, Toyota, hopefully Ford soon) will have to compete against a GM & Chrysler that are immune to the need for profits. GM & Chrysler can lower their price to whatever they need and make up the rest via bailouts. Productive market players cannot survive in *this* market.

      -Bri

      • Xasteius

        The rest should flourish as no one buys the “No-Go” vehicles that are produced by GM and Chrysler.

      • Flagstaff

        GM & Chrysler can lower their price to whatever they need and make up the rest via bailouts.

        That amounts to subsidizing the sales of Government Motors vehicles at the expense of their competition and of the public at large.

        It hasn’t been highly publicized, but Toyota and Honda, etc., have been losing money pretty quickly too. If things play out along the lines speculated on here, Ford and the foreign makes could well move their entire production ex-US. It would be a way to compete worldwide if fair competition within the US becomes impossible. What a sad day that would be.

  • http://www.fredsnews.com Fred Maidment

    Mercedes, BMW and others use it to great effect. By being selective and having fewer dealerships, these brands can take more direct control over the activities of those dealerships. That means they can control the look, personality and sales activities of those dealerships. Controlling six hundred dealerships offers many fewer problems than controlling the activities of six thousand.

    Problem is, this kind of strategy is generally only useful when offering a premium or niche product. Niche car makers, like Land Rover and Subaru, have fewer dealerships because demand for their product is lower.

    GM, Ford and Chrysler, however, serve completely different markets than Subaru and BMW. Toyota has fewer dealerships than GM, but it still has thousands. Same for Honda. Toyota and Honda serve a similar market, and so have large dealer networks compared with luxury (BMW) and niche (Subaru) car makers.

    In order to sell millions of cars, GM, Chrysler and Ford need thousands of dealerships. Maybe they don’t need six thousand, but they should not be arbitrarily vacuum-formed into the mold of Toyota. After all, how can I go out and buy a Chrysler if the nearest dealership is further than I want to travel? If a Toyota or Honda (or Ford) dealership is closer, I’m going there, and Chrysler and GM have likely lost-out, unless I am specifically in the market for one particular car.

    Sorry, GM and Chrysler just don’t have anything that special…

    • http://andrightlyso.com/ civil_truth

      …when it comes to GM and Chrysler.

      • http://www.fredsnews.com Fred Maidment

        And I think I made that point.

        My point is, it works for some, but not everybody.

        Dell could never be Apple, for example. Natural Light will never be Samuel Adams and Coke can’t be IBC. The large volume brands aren’t built to be like their niche-brand counterparts that way, and they serve an important purpose operating in the market as they do.

        Limiting the size of the distribution channel doesn’t make much sense to me. Not in this case, anyway.

      • molybdanthan

        Colonel Kurtz: “Are my methods unsound?”
        Captain Willard: “I don’t see any method at all, sir.”

        • itrytobenice
  • DONTREADONME

    anecdotal evidence. When you use the data to prove your hypothesis then it can become fact; therefore, there should be no reason to stop you from making a hypothesis. That goes for you too, Josh.

  • bobojake

    obamas’ other foney CZARS

  • molybdanthan

    Nikola Tesla, father the AC motor, RF signals for radio, neon bulbs, and of so many other things we still use today.

    He went against the good ol’ boy network of his day, fought the good fight, and died alone; disparaged, penniless and broken. His enemies were subsidized, and grew into the megalithic GE, supported by the USdotGov. The very same company that is now trying to sell us a greener tomorrow, because change ain’t cheap.

    We’re still subsidizing the robber barons. And they’re still working daily to prevent the next Nikola Tesla from showing up and fouling up their schemes.

    • DONTREADONME

      I wonder who won that argument. In the world of physics there is a unit called the Tesla, funny I do not recall a unit of the Edison or the GE. Looks like the Gov was on the wrong side of that science as well.

      • http://www.fredsnews.com Fred Maidment

        …see current policy re: Global Warming I mean Climate Change I mean Climate Variability.

    • Josh Painter

      It’s not Ronald Reagan’s GE anymore…

      - JP

      • molybdanthan

        but I enjoy carrying the discussion to its natural conclusion.

        Yes, he was with GE. But I don’t think that it was ever Reagan’s GE. Not like Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, or Lee Iaccoca’s Chrysler, or even Thomas Edison’s GE. Since it’s inception, I’m sure much good has come from the company. Possibly in Regan’s time. Just not in Tesla’s day, or currently. And I don’t expect any good to come of it soon.

        I love Reagan. Almost enough to use heart-shaped emoticons. I grew up and got into politics during the Reagan years. Support Reaganomics, and wish the country had kept at it. I’m waiting for his successor to emerge and put us right again. And I credit him with dealing a mortal blow to Soviet Communism. So I’m not of the Brzezinski School, no doubt fashionable in the West Wing, where his disciples again hold sway.

        Getting all that on record, GE does indeed own some of television. They had an hour, in Regan’s day, now they own 24-hour news outlets. And one you mentioned above is the worst of the lot of them. Worse than CNN. Worse even than CNN International.

        And since I mentioned Brzezinski, did you know this:
        In addition to the man being the mentor of Obama’s entire economics team, his daughter is a television news journalist and a regular anchor on MSNBC. Brzezinski’s son was employed by the John McCain presidential campaign (I know, big surprise). His other son worked for Clinton at the NSC. That from the wiki.

  • http://www.fredsnews.com Fred Maidment

    Closing all these dealerships is supposed to help GM and Chrysler sell their cars more profitably.

    However, those dealerships are small (and a few large) businesses. They don’t want to go out of existence. What to do…?

    While I agree that Ford, Toyota and Honda will all be providing us cars we want, while GM and Chrysler make the cars the White House likes, there’s another wrinkle: Most car companies in the world don’t sell in the US.

    In fact, Hummer is to be sold to one of the larger Chinese automakers. Tata Motors developed the Nano, a car that costs only about $ 2,500. Even if it’s not street legal here, they sell other vehicles. There European car companies that are not selling here. Doesn’t Indonesia have one, too? I’ll have to look that up at some point…

    My point is, just because GM and Chrysler end their relationship with these dealerships doesn’t mean they simply go away. These are going concerns, and they wish to remain going concerns.

    Heck, forget Tata and the others. How about Subaru, Suzuki and Daewoo, which are already selling in the US but have very limited market share? This is a huge opportunity for them!

  • sloeride

    And that is the difference. Self-interest is smart.

    But going around trying to smash all other tall buildings so yours will become the tallest, well then dumbass, when you are done, guess what? You live in a dump.

    Also, the dealers shut down…they are not as hysterical as you would expect someone who just had the goose that laid the golden eggs stolen from them. They all seem to have a stoicism to them.

    And perhaps they are other wordly. Or perhaps that for all their effort they poured into their businesss, the profits were never really all that spectacular.

    Their finances not all that blown, (after all they were profitable), they can now invest in a better opportunity.

    Expect to see more Suzuki, Kia, Dihastus around the corner from where ever you live.

  • Jeff Weimer

    It would, and has had, cost the big three significantly in terms of sales and money to have too many dealerships. One of the classic complaints, other than bad product, is the dealer and service experience of the customer. How many times have you heard a friend say they would no longer buy X because they were treated poorly at their dealer? The consumer makes no fundamental difference between the corporation and their franchisee. That’s why Saturn for so long had enviable brand loyalty despite mediocre product – it was how they were treated as a customer, and the car was decent enough. It still didn’t save them – they began to have horribly bad product and that ruined the brand no matter how well they treated the customer.

    It is true that on a day-to-day basis, dealerships cost very little to the company. It’s also be true that those poor dealerships would close of their own accord due to lack of revenue. However, state franchise laws make it nearly impossible to revoke a franchise once awarded, so Chrysler couldn’t de-list these dealerships that were causing harm to their reputation until they disappeared of their won accord. Meanwhile, they were still doing damage to their brand reputation and ultimately the bottom line. So closing BAD dealerships is a good thing for the company. However, it appears we’re not doing that and other “considerations” are more important.

    Same with GM.

  • eburke

    dealerships which were also closed.