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A Recipe for the Pursuit of Happiness

Arthur C. Brooks of the American Enterprise Institute penned a July 7 New York Times op-ed, “Why Conservatives Are Happier Than Liberals”.

Many conservatives favor an explanation focusing on lifestyle differences, such as marriage and faith. They note that most conservatives are married; most liberals are not. (The percentages are 53 percent to 33 percent, according to my calculations using data from the 2004 General Social YNSurvey, and almost none of the gap is due to the fact that liberals tend to be younger than conservatives.) Marriage and happiness go together. If two people are demographically the same but one is married and the other is not, the married person will be 18 percentage points more likely to say he or she is very happy than the unmarried person.

The story on religion is much the same. According to the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, conservatives who practice a faith outnumber religious liberals in America nearly four to one. And the link to happiness? You guessed it. Religious participants are nearly twice as likely to say they are very happy about their lives as are secularists (43 percent to 23 percent). The differences don’t depend on education, race, sex or age; the happiness difference exists even when you account for income.

Whether religion and marriage should make people happy is a question you have to answer for yourself. But consider this: Fifty-two percent of married, religious, politically conservative people (with kids) are very happy — versus only 14 percent of single, secular, liberal people without kids. [Emphasis added.]

Note that many married, religious, politically conservative people (with kids) were once single, secular, liberal people without kids.

Liberals, Brooks says, observe that “…there is an entire academic literature in the social sciences dedicated to showing conservatives as naturally authoritarian, dogmatic, intolerant of ambiguity, fearful of threat and loss, low in self-esteem and uncomfortable with complex modes of thinking.” So much for social “science”, which seems in this one sentence to be more about confirmation of left wing dogma than a scientific examination of the belief systems.

In reality, the difference seems to lie in conservatives’ worldview of personal responsibility and individual control over outcomes, versus a typical liberal worldview of a the individual as helpless and subject to the whims of various power structures, whether it be “management”, “the government”, “the rich”, “fascists”, etc.

And the characterization of conservatives as selfish, unfeeling misers is further punctured by Brooks’ research. From his Wikipedia page:

Brooks argues that there are three cultural values that best predict charitable giving: religious participation, political views, and family structure. Ninety-one percent of people who identify themselves as religious are likely to give to charity, writes Brooks, as opposed to 66 percent of people who do not. The religious giving sector is just as likely to give to secular programs as it is to religious causes. Those who think government should do more to redistribute income are less likely to give to charitable causes, and those who believe the government has less of a role to play in income redistribution tend to give more. Finally, people who couple and raise children are more likely to give philanthropically than those who do not. The more children there are in a family, the more likely that a family will donate to charity. One of Brooks’s most controversial findings was that political conservatives give more, despite having incomes that are on average 6 percent lower than liberals. [Emphasis added.]

My wife and I have found that the first step to feeling happy is often to act happy. Are you an unhappy single, secular, liberal person? Do you want to feel happy? You could try the following recipe; it worked for me, and I didn’t even get all of the steps in the recommended order:

  1. Find religion.
  2. Become generous.
  3. Commit to a spouse.
  4. Be fruitful and multiply.
  5. Become conservative. (Last, because most people become more conservative after having kids, even if conservatism is not in their nature.)

There are no guarantees, but Brooks’ research would indicate that success increases your chance of being happy by almost 300%. All of these steps may not be achievable by all people, but what is a more noble way to spend ones life than the pursuit of happiness?

Cross-posted at Maley’s Energy Blog.


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COMMENTS

  • http://impudent.edublogs.org/ kyle8

    But I remember being in the student union nearly every day and seeing the self described progressives, They were chain-smoking, they were sprouting off things they didn’t really understand by Sartre and Nietzsche. And mostly just putting other people down.

    They struck me as the absolutely most angry and unhappy people in the world and I tried to be just the opposite of them. Most of them never grew up and are still unhappy and angry, Even when they get the thing they wanted.

    • http://stevemaley.com Steve Maley

      A good deal of that anger is misdirected self-loathing, which is a pretty common pathology of the Left.

  • westcoastpatriette

    I honestly don’t know how liberals can stay liberal their whole lives. Whining, blaming, constantly finding imaginary victims and blaming imaginary perpetrators. Then trying to force their point of view on others. It is surely a recipe for misery.

    • mikeymike143

      thats a bad combination no matter how you look at it.

  • aesthete

    tar and feather the next social scientist who claims to have “revolutionary” insights about how [INSERT POLITICAL GROUP] is smarter, more generous, more authoritarian, kinder, etc?

    I get that this post is mostly mocking the disparity between conclusions reached and the data accumulated (which makes this posts a good deal cleverer than most of these studies manage do be on their best days), but just to make it explicit:

    1) These studies are based on self-reported identification with broad labels which have several meanings.

    2) These studies rarely correct for demographics.

    3) Almost none of these studies relate time series data.

    4) At best, these studies establish causation, rather than correlation.

    5) Social sciences are hardly scientific (or for that matter, social). The data and noise is such that it is easy to “prove” whatever it is you set forth to prove, provided that you aren’t a complete dullard (which most of the people in these programs at that level are).

    To wit, this study’s results are “surprising” only to someone who has spent to long in certain social circles: it should not at all be surprising that humans are happier when they are fulfilling the biological imperative of having and raising children with their imprimatur. It isn’t terribly surprising that people who identify as religious are happier and have better support systems. Does conservatism (essentially a ornery, inconsistent variant of classical liberalism) have anything to do with this? Probably not; I imagine that people who fulfill their biological imperatives through a stable unit are happier than their fellows in any society while holding all manner of political beliefs. More importantly, who cares? This is just another example of everything being examined under a political light, of the personal becoming political. Maybe happiness in marriage and “religion” (depends on the religion I’d think, but I digress) has nothing to do with Romney, Obama, the Republican Party, the Democrats, and any other political crap that one attaches to it? Crazy thought, but there it is.

    • http://www4.webng.com/rickbull/lostlucky/ rickbull

      I’d say that if we tar and feather him/her, he/she would definitely be a great deal less happy than he/she was before, wouldn’t you say?

      • aesthete

        I guess we’ll need to charter a federally-funded study to get to the bottom of that one. Only then will we truly know (and only if they run some regressions with the all-important political identification as the IV).

        • http://www4.webng.com/rickbull/lostlucky/ rickbull

          from both sides of the aisle, if you’re game.

    • Bill S

      Don’t worry, be happy.

      ;-)

      • aesthete

        Wait — does that mean that I’m more, or less unhappy?

        Obviously, a study is needed :P

        • Bill S

          Maybe we could both retire on the proceeds…

          • aesthete

            which I’m told can’t be found in the unsullied, disinterested world of academia.

            I think you meant to say that, as tenured professionals, we will be able to take an unspecified leave of paid absence shortly after the project as we continue to develop grant proposals to follow up on the conclusions of our study. Anything less would be giving in to reactionaries, with their antiquated notions of work for pay and employees working for their employers’ benefit.

    • CincoSolas_del_Bronx

      Pragmatism asks its usual question. “Grant an idea or belief to be true,” it says, “what concrete difference will its being true make in anyone’s actual life? How will the truth be realized? What experiences will be different from those which would obtain if the belief were false? What, in short, is the truth’s cash-value in experiential terms??

  • streetwise

    Happiness is expensive!

  • ateam

    In the simplification of our tax code, let’s do away with all deductions for charitable giving, and the government funding of so-called charities, and see which charities continue to thrive and which ones go defunct. I believe the result would be very defining (not to mention interesting). My hypothesis is that true faith-based conservatives would continue to give and the gulf between conservative and liberals would be further highlighted.

  • djrjr

    Great article and interesting stats. I especially appreciated the comments from some of the readers that some of the defining characteristics of liberals are: excessive whining and victimization, attempts to blame others for their unhappiness and shortcomings and a desire to impose their own world view on those who disagree with them. What’s most striking to me about these observations is they that seem to directly mirror some of the very same observations liberals purport to make of conservatives: I’m sure you guys have heard it ad nauseum, but the typical liberal lament is that wealthy white male Christian conservatives generally have it great (or at least relatively great) in this country (as compared — proportionately so — to poor minorities) and so engage in excessive whining when they complain about tax rates (which are historically low) or immigration policy (which has been more stringently enforced recently than in the past) or gun rights (as to which no significant gun control has been passed) or some other social policy which affects them not at all (see gay marriage, for example). Liberals are also quick to assume that conservate — especially religious conservatives — are relentless in their attempts to impose their own religious views on non-believers (see, e.g., views on abortion and gay rights). Without in any way trying to characterize who is correct and who is not, I cannot help but note that the disconnects between the two sides could not be more profound than in this discussion right here, where we are accusing each other of exactly the same kinds of unhealthy, intolerant world views.

    Of course, to be honest, and as my comment title reflects, I am a self-described liberal. Unlike the author of this post, I am not overly religious, I am not a conservative and never have been, and I am not likely to switch my political views to conservatism anytime soon. On the other hand, like the author of this post, I seek happiness, I care about people in my community, I have been married for almost 25 years, I have two beautiful daughters and I would like others to be happy as well.

    Where does that leave me. I guess I am in the minority of people who can achieve some amount of happiness without a strong commitment to organized religion, but with a healthy respect for those who do, and a recognition that there must be a moral compass for those who do not adopt a particular religious view. My anecdotal view of my most conservative friends is that they tend to be about as happy (or unhappy) as my liberal friends, they tend to be divorced or single about as often as my liberal friends, and they are not necessarily as religious as my liberal friends. So, just anecdotally I wonder if religion and marriage = happiness as often as the author.

    I know this. My best guess is that those of us who live lives where we are and need to be concerned with the well being of others around us (our children, our friends, our fellow church goers, even – dare I say it — those of our friends with whom we vigorously disagree politically and religiously), tend to have fuller lives. We feel then pain of others, and we revel in the achievements of others and we recognize that we are not alone in the world and that sometimes, when we act in a way that helps others (even if it takes a little sacrifice), something happens that bestows a level of grace that might lead to more happiness.

    I’ve never been a Christian — I simply do not believe that Jesus Christ was the son of God. I do not mean by that to insult anyone who has that faith, and I do not think it any way that my decision means I am morally or spiritually smarter or better than anyone who believes in Christ. I know that it does not make me that way. Even though I do not believe, what I do feel is that the fundamental teaching of Christianity — that people are most godly and act most like Jesus when they sacrifice, because their god engaged in the ultimate sacrifice for mankind — is perhaps the greatest and most powerfully good philosophical statement that the world has ever seen. Needless to say, the usual gods were all-powerful beings, sometimes gold, often wrathful, and certainly didn’t and wouldn’t sacrifice themselves for anyone else let alone anyone as minor or meaningless as a human being. So the respect I have for the fundamental teachings of Christianity is boundless.

    And I do think that, therefore, that people who adopt that fundamental teaching can, should be and are more happy than many others. Because they probably bring greater happiness to the world than those who live without that moral directive.

    But I don’t think that that religious direction is wholly owned by conservatives, at all. My in-laws, whom I love very much, are devout Christians. They are also liberals. And, I think, pretty happy.

    My biggest gripe with conservatism is not the kind of moral upright conservatism of religiously inclined folks (thought I do not subscribe to a religion which believes in the sin of gay behavior or which compels non-believing women of different faiths to carry pregnancies to term against their will). My biggest grip with conservatives is the Ayn Rand-styled folks who seem to abdicate a moral compass which says that happiness (and maybe even spiritual obligation) comes most from helping those around you and instead embrace the amoral compass which says, hey, look out for No. 1 every time, all the time, and that’s how the world will end up best. I don’t buy that for a second. I find it to be sophomoric, and a thinly veiled rationalization for greed and self-interest. (I also don’t think it’s a coincidence that Ayn Rand HATED religion, especially Christianity).

    So, my view, taken as a whole, is that modern day conservatives often embrace a strange brew of philosophies — the “freedom” of Ayn Rand/Milton Friedman economics with an often fundamental view of religion. And these two things don’t really mesh all the time.

    Anyway, I don’t mean to be disrespectful. I don’t mean to preach or to point out what I am sure are issues you all struggle with daily. I guess I mean to say that, as a liberal, I find that the path to happiness (which I admit is not easy and I often stray from) is not as easy as the recipe laid out above, even if I completely agree with some of the ingredients. What I’d like to see is more folks acknowledging that we can all benefit from this kind of a discussion amongst the dislike minded, as well as the like minded, on the best recipe out there.

    • aesthete

      The former in particular was no fan of the latter, nor did they operate in the same spheres (or on the same philosophical premises).

      • djrjr

        Good point. Maybe a better link would have been “Ayn Rand/Alan Greenspan”

        • aesthete

          but I’d wager that all the fans of Alan Greenspan could fit snugly in a Prius.

    • JSobieski

      Seeking happiness doesn’t work that well. By contrast, focus on others and you can find grace. c

    • http://stevemaley.com Steve Maley

      Since 1) I didn’t indicate anything about my belief system, or to what degree I’m devout, and B) the phrase has a built-in connotation that the ‘overly secular’ do not even hear.

      I don’t mean to be disrespectful either, but your comment seems to triangulate all around the original post and ends up with a concession that it’s pretty much right all except for that religion thing. In the process you have invested me, the writer with all kinds of attitudes and motivations that you want to imagine that I have, or that you project upon me.

      Interacting with people at blogs reminds me of the Cave Allegory in Plato’s Republic – we experience people’s shadows as if they’re real people. Our brains fill in the blanks of what is unknown and unknowable about these people and we do that with stereotypes or conventional wisdom.

      In reality, all I did was to turn Brooks’ statistics on their head. The “recipe” is not a guarantee of happiness because only slightly over half of conservative religious married parents self-report as happy. They are just 4 times happier as a group compared to secular liberal single people. Looking at an OWS or a Code Pink protest, that’s not too hard to believe; there, the only people smiling are completely baked.

      Look at the popular culture. There are probably a million examples but Woody Allen and Sex in the City come to mind. They are all about angst, empty lives and dissatisfaction. Conversely, any popular-media treatment of people like me defaults to brainwashed automatons, sinister control freaks or Bible-thumping killjoys. I am ‘none of the above’.

      That “act before you feel” thing? You’d be surprised where that came from, but that’s a subject for another day.

      Thanks for your comments, BTW.

      • djrjr

        Steve: You caught me and, deservingly so, by the assumption in my description of you as “overly religious”. But, truthfully, I meant to write “overtly” religious, though that difference might not fully excuse me. I can see how you might view my “overly secular” triangulation as patronizingly anti-religious if I believed you were “overly religious”. And, you are probably right, that I assumed that if you were compelled to write on the topic and to make a prescription for people to adopt a particular religion as a recipe for happiness, I might draw some conclusions from that.

        Those conclusions could well be wrong, even if not malicious. Like the conclusion that you are both overtly and, in my world at least, “overly” religious. As you correctly point out, I have no basis for that conclusion in fact, either way. So, if I offended or assumed too much, I truly apologize.

        I did find your analogy to Plato compelling and funny, btw.

        As for folks with grimaces during Think Pink rallies, I don’t know…they might not be happy, but then again, in their defense, they probably feel the same way some of the folks here feel — attacked, victimized, demonized as immoral or amoral or the scourge of civilized society. Those attitudes — whether justified or not (and I’m not going there) don’t breed happiness.

        But, if they’ve just come from watching Midnight in Paris, they might have different looks on their faces. Sex and The City, on the other hand, man, I’m with you. What a debacle. That show makes me REALLY unhappy. Only so much narcissism on parade before I start to go to a really dark place.

        Anyway, cheers and thanks for the reply!

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